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Champaign, )]TJ 0 Tw 0 -1.111 Td (IL: Human Kinetics. )Tj -0.001 Tc -0.063 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(M)1(o)1(h)1(a)1(m)1(m)1(e)1(d)1(,)1( S)1(.)1(,)1( &)1( D)1(u)1(m)1(v)1(i)1(l)1(l)1(e)1(,)1( B)1(.)1(C)1(.)1( \()1(2)1(0)1(0)1(1)1(\))1(.)1( )18(T)71(e)1(a)1(m)1( m)1(e)1(n)1(t)1(a)1(l)1( m)1(o)1(d)1(e)1(l)1(s)1( i)1(n)1( a)1( t)1(e)1(a)1(m)1( k)1(n)1(o)26(w)1(l)1(e)1(d)1(g)1(e)1( f)1(r)1(a)1(m)1(e)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 35.667 0 Td (-)Tj 0.025 Tw -33.667 -1.111 Td [(w)10(ork: e)15(xpanding theory and measurement across disciplinary boundaries. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf [(J)25(ournal of )]TJ 0 Tw 0 -1.111 TD [(Or)37(ganizational Behavior)111(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (22,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 89\226106. )Tj 0.007 Tc 0.125 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(M)1(o)1(o)1(k)1(,)1( )1(D)1(.)1(G)1(.)1( )1(\()1(1)1(9)1(8)1(3)1(\))1(.)1( )1(I)1(n)1( d)1(e)1(f)1(e)1(n)1(s)1(e)1( o)1(f )1(e)16(xt)1(er)1(na)1(l)1( )1(in)41(v)26(a)1(l)1(i)1(d)1(i)1(t)1(y)66(.)1( )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0.107 Tw 22.73 0 Td [(T)1(h)1(e)1( )1(A)1(m)1(e)1(r)1(i)1(c)1(a)1(n)1( )-17(P)1(s)1(y)1(c)16(h)1(o)1(l)1(o)11(g)1(i)1(s)1(t)1(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 11.625 0 Td ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0.007 Tc -0.007 Tw 0.382 0 Td [(3)1(8)1(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.263 0 Td ( )Tj -34 -1.111 Td (379\226387. )Tj 0.067 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Mor)18(g)5(an, D.L., & Mor)18(g)5(an, R.K. \(2009\). )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf [(Single-case r)37(esear)37(c)15(h methods for the behavior)15(al )]TJ 0 Tw 2 -1.111 Td (sciences)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (. London: Sage. )Tj -0.011 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Ostrof)25(f, C., Kinicki, )55(A.J., & )18(T)80(amkins, M.M. \(2003\). Or)18(g)5(anizational culture and climate. In )]TJ 0.059 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(I. B. )30(W)80(einer \(Series Ed.\), )30(W)92(. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski \(V)129(ol. Eds.\), )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf -0.013 Tw 0 -1.111 TD [(Handbook of psyc)15(holo)10(gy)55(, )35(V)111(ol. 12: Industrial and or)37(ganizational psyc)15(holo)10(gy)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( \(pp. 565-)Tj 0 Tw T* [(593\). Hobok)10(en, NJ: )30(W)40(ile)15(y)65(. )]TJ 0.114 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(P)15(ain, M.A., & Harw)10(ood, C.G. \(2004\). )1(Kno)25(wledge )1(and perceptions )1(of sport )1(psychology )]TJ 0 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(within English soccer)55(. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf [(J)25(ournal of Sports Sciences,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (22,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 813\226826. )Tj ET q 0 0 474 690 re W n /CS0 CS 0 SCN 1.25 w /GS1 gs q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q 1 SCN 0.25 w q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q Q endstream endobj 42 0 obj <>stream BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf -0.095 Tc 0.817 Tw 8 0 0 8 75 621.4783 Tm [(11)-60(2)]TJ /Span<>> BDC 1.538 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Bar)-15(k)20(er and McC)25(ar)-40(th)30(y)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 13 0 0 13 202.2836 587.6661 Tm [(R)20(ef)10(er)20(ences)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 9 0 0 9 75 569.6661 Tm [(Andersen, )1(M.B., McCullagh, )1(P)111(., )1(& )30(W)40(ilson, )1(G.J. )1(\(2007\). But )1(what )1(do the )1(numbers )1(really )1(tell )]TJ 0.031 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(us? )56(Arbitrary )1(metrics )1(and )1(ef)25(fect )1(size )1(reporting )1(in )1(sport )1(psychology )1(research. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tw 30.914 0 Td [(J)25(ournal )]TJ -30.914 -1.111 Td [(of Sport & Exer)37(cise Psyc)15(holo)10(gy)55(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (29,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 664\226672. )Tj -0.016 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Araujo, D., Da)20(vids, K., & P)15(assos, P)111(. \(2007\). Ecological v)25(alidity)65(, representati)25(v)15(e design, and )]TJ -0.007 Tc -0.062 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(correspondence between e)15(xperimental task constraints and beha)20(vioral setting: comment)-7( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.111 TD [(on Rodgers, Kadar)40(, and Costall \(2005\). )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf [(Ecolo)10(gical Psyc)15(holo)10(gy)55(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (19,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 69\22678. )Tj -0.055 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Bandura, A. )-55(\(1997\). )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tw 8.221 0 Td [(Self-ef\037cacy: )18(The e)20(xer)37(cise of contr)45(ol)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf [(. Ne)25(w )90(Y)110(ork: Freeman. )]TJ -0.003 Tc -0.063 Tw -8.221 -1.111 Td [(Bark)10(er)40(, J.B., & Jones, M.V)129(. \(2006\). Using h)5(ypnosis, technique re\037nement and self-modeling)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.005 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(to enhance self-ef\037cac)15(y: )55(A case study in crick)10(et. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf [(The Sport Psyc)15(holo)10(gist,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tw ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 29.255 0 Td (20,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.005 Tw ( 94\226110. )Tj -0.019 Tw -31.255 -1.111 Td [(Bark)10(er)40(, J.B., Jones, M.V)129(., & Greenlees, )1(I. \(2010\). )55(Assessing )1(the immediate and maintained )]TJ 0.087 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(ef)25(fects of h)5(ypnosis on self-ef\037cac)15(y and soccer w)10(all-v)20(olle)15(y performance. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf [(J)25(ournal of )]TJ 0 Tw 0 -1.111 TD [(Sport & Exer)37(cise Psyc)15(holo)10(gy)55(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (32,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 243\226252. )Tj -0.047 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Bloom, G.A., Ste)25(v)15(ens, D.E., & )30(W)40(ickwire, )19(T)74(.L. \(2003\). Expert coaches\222 )1(perceptions of team )]TJ 0 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(b)20(uilding. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf [(J)25(ournal of )18(Applied Sport Psyc)15(holo)10(gy)55(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (15,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 129\226143. )Tj 0.004 Tc 0.125 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Cameron, J.J., Holmes, J.G., & )50(V)129(orauer)40(, J.D. \(2009\). )30(When self-disclosure goes a)15(wry:)4( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.024 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(ne)15(g)5(ati)25(v)15(e consequences )1(of re)25(v)15(ealing )1(personal f)10(ailure for )1(lo)25(wer self-esteem indi)25(viduals. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tw T* [(J)25(ournal of Experimental Social Psyc)15(holo)10(gy)55(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (45,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 217\226222. )Tj -0.055 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Carron, A.V)129(. )-55(\(1980\). )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tw 8.453 0 Td [(Social psyc)15(holo)10(gy of sport)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf [(. U.S.: Mouv)15(ement Publications. )]TJ -0.029 Tw -8.453 -1.111 Td [(Carron, )56(A.V)129(., )1(Bra)15(wle)15(y)65(, )1(L.R., )1(& )31(W)40(idme)15(yer)40(, )31(W)92(.N. )1(\(1998\). )19(The )1(measurement )1(of )1(cohesi)25(v)15(eness )]TJ -0.006 Tc -0.062 Tw 2 -1.111 Td (in sport groups. In J.L. Duda \(Ed.\), )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf [(Advances in sport and e)20(xer)37(cise psyc)15(holo)10(gy measur)37(e)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj T* (ment)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [( \(pp. 213\226226\). Mor)18(g)5(anto)25(wn, )30(WV)74(: Fitness Information )18(T)70(echnology)65(. )]TJ 0.015 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Carron, )56(A.V)129(., )1(Bray)65(, )1(S.R., )1(& )1(Eys, )1(M.A. )1(\(2002a\). )18(T)70(eam )1(cohesion )1(and team success )1(in )1(sport. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(J)25(ournal of Sports Sciences,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (20,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 119\226126. )Tj -0.005 Tc -0.063 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Carron, )55(A.V)129(., Colman, M.M., )30(Wheeler)40(, J., & Ste)25(v)15(ens, D. \(2002b\). Cohesion and performance)-5( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(in sport: )55(A meta-analysis. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf [(J)25(ournal of Sport & Exer)37(cise Psyc)15(holo)10(gy)55(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (24,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 168\226188. )Tj -0.034 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Carron, )55(A.V)129(., )30(W)40(idme)15(yer)40(, )30(W)92(.N., & Bra)15(wle)15(y)65(, L.R. \(1985\). )18(The de)25(v)15(elopment of an instrument )]TJ 0.063 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(to assess cohesion in sport teams: )18(The group en)40(vironment questionnaire. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf [(J)25(ournal of )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(Sport Psyc)15(holo)10(gy)55(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (7,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 244\226266. )Tj -0.06 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Crace, R.K., & Hardy)65(, C.J. \(1997\). Indi)25(vidual v)25(alues and the team b)20(uilding process. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tw [(J)25(ournal )]TJ 2 -1.111 Td [(of )18(Applied Sport Psyc)15(holo)10(gy)55(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (9,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 41\22660. )Tj -0.006 Tc -0.062 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Dunn, J.G.H., )1(& Holt, N.L. \(2003\). Colle)15(giate ice hock)10(e)15(y )1(players\222 perceptions of the deli)25(v)15(ery)-6( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2 -1.111 Td (of an applied sport psychology program. )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf [(The Sport Psyc)15(holo)10(gist,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (17,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 351\226368. )Tj 0.125 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Dunn, J.G.H., & Holt, N.L. \(2004\). )55(A qualitati)25(v)15(e in)40(v)15(estig)5(ation of a personal-disclosure )]TJ 0 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(mutual-sharing team b)20(uilding acti)25(vity)65(. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf [(The Sport Psyc)15(holo)10(gist,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (18,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 363\226380. )Tj 0.095 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Ellermer)40(, )1(N., )1(De )1(Gilder)55(., )1(& )1(Haslam, )1(S. )56(A. )1(\(2004\). )1(Moti)25(v)25(ating )1(indi)25(viduals )1(and )1(groups )1(at )]TJ -0.025 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(w)10(ork: )55(A social identity perspecti)25(v)15(e on leadership and group performance. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf (Academy of )Tj 0 Tw T* [(Mana)10(g)10(ement Re)15(vie)15(w)74(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (29,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 459\226478. )Tj 0.006 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Eys, M.A., Burk)10(e, S.M., Carron, )55(A.V)129(., & Dennis, P)111(.W)92(. \(2010\). )18(The sport team as an ef)25(fec)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj -0.037 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(ti)25(v)15(e group. In J.M. )30(W)40(illiams \(Ed.\), )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf [(Applied sport psyc)15(holo)10(gy: per)10(sonal gr)45(owth to peak )]TJ 0 Tw T* (performance)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [( \(6th ed., pp. 132-148\). Ne)25(w )90(Y)110(ork: McGra)15(w-Hill. )]TJ 0.064 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Eys, M.A., Carron, )55(A.V)129(., Bray)65(, S.R., & Bra)15(wle)15(y)65(, L.R. \(2007\). Item w)10(ording and internal )]TJ -0.003 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(consistenc)15(y of )1(a )1(measure )1(of )1(cohesion: )18(The )1(group )1(en)40(vironment )1(questionnaire. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tw [(J)25(ournal )]TJ T* [(of Sport & Exer)37(cise Psyc)15(holo)10(gy)55(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (29,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 395\226402. )Tj -0.011 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Fifer)40(, )56(A., )1(Henschen, )1(K., )1(Gould, )1(D., )1(& )1(Ra)20(vizza, )1(K. )1(\(2008\). )31(What )1(w)10(orks )1(when )1(w)10(orking )1(with )]TJ 0 Tw 2 -1.111 Td (athletes. )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf [(The Sport Psyc)15(holo)10(gist,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (22,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 356\226377. )Tj -0.009 Tc -0.062 Tw -2 -1.111 Td [(Gardner)40(, F)80(., & Moore, Z. \(2006\). )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 12.763 0 Td [(Clinical )1(sport psyc)15(holo)10(gy)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf [(. Champaign, )1(IL: Human Kinetics.)-9( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.011 Tw -12.763 -1.111 Td [(Gilbourne, D., & Richardson, D. \(2005\). )55(A practitioner)20(-focused approach to the pro)15(vision )]TJ 0.065 Tw 2 -1.111 Td [(of )1(psychological )1(support )1(in soccer: )55(Adopting )1(action )1(research )1(themes )1(and processes. )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tw T* [(J)25(ournal of Sports Sciences,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (23,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( 651\226658. )Tj ET q 0 0 474 690 re W n /CS0 CS 0 SCN 1.25 w /GS1 gs q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q 1 SCN 0.25 w q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q Q endstream endobj 40 0 obj <>stream BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 267.0966 621.4783 Tm [(PDMS in P)55(r)20(of)30(essional Soccer)]TJ /Span<>> BDC [( )-722( )]TJ EMC /T1_1 1 Tf -0.095 Tc 0.095 Tw 15.01 0 Td (111)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc -0.05 Tw 10 0 0 10 75 230.17 Tm [(teams, particularly in the conte)15(xt of elite senior professional sport. Future research )]TJ 0.017 Tw 0 -1.1 TD [(might also consider the ef)25(fects of PDMS with other professional adult and youth )]TJ 0.014 Tw T* [(sports teams in the UK, and on other important psychological group f)10(actors such )]TJ 0.08 Tw T* [(as collecti)25(v)15(e ef\037cac)15(y \(Holt & Dunn, 2006\), and the social identity of sport and )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(nonsport teams \(e.g., Ellermer)40(, De Gilder)40(, & Haslam, 2004\).)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 13 0 0 13 222.6547 156.17 Tm [(Not)15(e)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -0.044 Tw 8.5 0 0 8.5 75 135.17 Tm [(1. )18(There may be e)25(vidence for an enduring ef)25(fect of the PDMS interv)15(ention on the team, who w)10(on )]TJ 0.039 Tw 0 -1.176 TD [(a domestic cup competition in the season follo)25(wing the PDMS session. Nine of the 11 players )]TJ 0.053 Tw T* [(starting )1(the )1(cup )1(\037nal )1(match, )1(and )1(one )1(of )1(the )1(substitutes, )1(had )1(participated )1(in )1(the )1(PDMS )1(session. )]TJ -0.025 Tw T* [(One of these players w)10(as quoted after winning the cup: \223W)80(e are a close team and I think that has )]TJ -0.032 Tw T* [(been crucial\224, \223Ev)15(erybody\222)55(s mates with each other\205 we )1(all get on so well\224, and \223There are a lot )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(of dif)25(ferent nationalities b)20(ut we mix brilliantly\224.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 75 589.8201 Tm [(T)80(ab)10(le 4)]TJ /Span<>> BDC ( )Tj EMC 4.356 0 Td [(Guidelines f)20(or P)30(er)15(sonal-Disc)20(losur)20(e)]TJ ( )Tj -4.356 -1.2 Td [(Mut)25(ual-Shar)15(ing in UK P)20(r)20(of)10(essional Soccer)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0.25 w /GS1 gs q 1 0 0 1 75 570.6951 cm 0 0 m 324 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 75 554.2333 cm 0 0 m 324 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 75 260.0862 cm 0 0 m 324 0 l S Q BT /GS0 gs /T1_1 1 Tf 8.1 0 0 9 216.2924 559.2333 Tm (Guidelines)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 80 543.0863 Tm [(1\) )30(W)80(ork with the team to de)25(v)15(elop rapport with team members, manager and coaching )]TJ 0 -1.111 TD [(staf)25(f.)]TJ 0 -1.556 TD [(2\) Guarantee anon)15(ymity and ensure players and manager kno)25(w what this means.)]TJ 0 -1.556 TD [(3\) K)25(eep the manager informed and in)40(v)20(olv)15(ed.)]TJ 0 -1.556 TD (4\) Select an appropriate \223important\224 match before which the PDMS \ session will be )Tj 0 -1.111 TD (conducted, and ensure that the manager is in agreement.)Tj 0 -1.556 TD [(5\) )55(Allo)25(w an opportunity for the players to digest information about a PDMS sess\ ion, )]TJ 0 -1.111 TD [(including the questions the)15(y will be ask)10(ed to answer during the session.)]TJ 0 -1.556 TD [(6\) )55(Allo)25(w time and opportunity for the players to discuss their speeches one-to-\ one with )]TJ 0 -1.111 TD [(the psychologist, and ensure that indi)25(vidual players who may lack con\037dence in public )]TJ T* (are reassured.)Tj 0 -1.556 TD [(7\) )55(Allo)25(w the players to decide whether the)15(y w)10(ant the manager)40(, coaching staf)25(f or an)15(y )]TJ 0 -1.111 TD [(other technical staf)25(f to be present.)]TJ 0 -1.556 TD [(8\) Be \036e)15(xible re)15(g)5(arding the timing of the PDMS session; e)15(xpect to ha)20(v)15(e less time than )]TJ 0 -1.111 TD [(you w)10(ould wish, and be prepared to do the session at short notice.)]TJ 0 -1.556 TD [(9\) )55(A)74(v)20(oid the meeting being too long\226both from the players and the manager\222\ )55(s point of )]TJ 0 -1.111 TD [(vie)25(w)65(.)]TJ 0 -1.556 TD [(10\) Expect some players to decline to participate, and e)15(xpect that some players who )]TJ 0 -1.111 TD [(w)10(ant to participate in the PDMS will not be able to because of injury)65(, personnel )]TJ T* (changes, and team selection issues.)Tj -0.001 Tw 0 -1.556 TD [(11\) Deal with language and cultural issues sympathetically)65(, as foreign players are more )]TJ 0 Tw 0 -1.111 TD [(lik)10(ely to bene\037t from the PDMS session in terms of enhanced group social\ inte)15(gration.)]TJ 0 -1.556 TD (12\) Be prepared to participate, if the players ask you to do so.)Tj 0 -1.556 TD [(13\) Pro)15(vide an opportunity for debrie\037ng.)]TJ ET q 0 0 474 690 re W n /CS0 CS 0 SCN 1.25 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q 1 SCN 0.25 w q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q Q endstream endobj 41 0 obj <> endobj 39 0 obj <>stream BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf -0.095 Tc 0.817 Tw 8 0 0 8 75 621.4783 Tm [(11)-40(0)]TJ /Span<>> BDC 1.518 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Bar)-15(k)20(er and McC)25(ar)-40(th)30(y)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0.021 Tw 10 0 0 10 75 590.17 Tm [(mates. )18(Third, the SP should support participants to prepare their speeches befo\ re )]TJ 0.022 Tw 0 -1.1 TD [(the )1(PDMS )1(session. )1(F)15(ourth, )1(when )1(w)10(orking )1(in )1(professional )1(sport it )1(is )1(possible )1(that )]TJ -0.005 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(managers and coaches may v)15(eto questions from psychometric in)40(v)15(entories to protect)-5( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.059 Tw T* [(their athletes and maintain control o)15(v)15(er thoughts about performance related issues. )]TJ 0.064 Tw T* [(Fifth, )1(con\037dentiality )1(issues )1(are )1(paramount )1(in )1(professional )1(sport )1(because )1(players )]TJ -0.02 Tw T* (are concerned about the manager or coaches accessing personal informatio\ n from )Tj -0.046 Tw T* [(the PDMS session, which might af)25(fect team selection. Unlik)10(e P)15(ain and Harw)10(ood\222)55(s )]TJ -0.002 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(\(2009\) interv)15(ention, the manager and coaches in this current study were not present)-2( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw T* (at the session, at the players\222 request.)Tj 0.009 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(This study of)25(fered a unique insight into the issues surrounding a practitioner )]TJ 0.068 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(adopting the dual role of a sport psychologist and medical doctor)55(. Some practi)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.067 Tw T* [(tioners combine the role of coach and sport psychologist \(e.g., Bark)10(er & Jones, )]TJ 0.035 Tw T* [(2006\), ho)25(we)25(v)15(er a practitioner pro)15(viding both psychological and medical support )]TJ 0.017 Tw T* [(for an )1(athlete or sport )1(team has also to be a)15(w)10(are )1(of potential )1(con\036ict of roles )1(and )]TJ -0.032 Tw T* [(responsibilities \(e.g., Granito, Hog)5(an, & )50(V)111(arnum, 1995\). Ground rules and recei)25(v)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.019 Tw T* (ing support from supervisors are suggested as essential to enable the pr\ actitioner )Tj 0.007 Tc 0.125 Tw T* [(to cope with emotional demands and potential role con\036ict \(Jones, Ev\ )25(ans, &)7( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.006 Tw T* [(Mullen, 2007\). )55(An a)15(w)10(areness of ethical issues is also required to mak)10(e sure there )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(is no betrayal of trust or client con\037dentiality \(Fifer et al., 2008\ \). F)15(or e)15(xample, in )]TJ -0.016 Tw T* [(professional soccer)40(, where players e)15(xpect ph)5(ysical injuries and their management )]TJ 0.033 Tw T* [(to be discussed with the manager and reported in the media, the)15(y are unlik)10(ely to )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(e)15(xpect the same of psychological issues.)]TJ -0.044 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(T)80(o further assist practitioners about the use of PDMS in professional soc\ cer)40(, a )]TJ -0.002 Tc -0.062 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(series of k)10(e)15(y guidelines tak)10(en from the current applied research study are presented)-2( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.02 Tw T* [(in )18(T)80(able 4. )18(The guidance is based on the reality of sport psychology in the conte)15(xt )]TJ -0.002 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(of a UK professional soccer team. It dif)25(fers from Holt and Dunn\222)55(s recommendation)-2( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.035 Tw T* [(\(2006\) in that re)15(gular team meetings with the SP through the season to f)10(acilitate )]TJ 0.02 Tw T* [(group communication and create conditions for the PDMS interv)15(ention were not )]TJ 0.067 Tw T* [(possible. Ho)25(we)25(v)15(er)40(, the use of PDMS as a brief contact interv)15(ention ful\037ls most )]TJ 0.059 Tw T* [(managers\222 needs without intruding on their territory)65(, and aims to f)10(acilitate team )]TJ 0 Tw T* (cohesion.)Tj -0.016 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(In conclusion, the nature of a \037eld study ackno)25(wledges the trade-of)25(f between )]TJ -0.002 Tc -0.062 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(ecological and internal v)25(alidity \(Kazdin, 1982\). No statistically signi\037cant changes)-2( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.045 Tw T* [(in cohesion and communication emer)18(ged from the current study because of poten)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.019 Tw T* [(tial confounding v)25(ariables. F)15(or e)15(xample, the remo)15(v)25(al of the )55(A)111(TG-T subscale w)10(as )]TJ -0.006 Tw T* [(an uncontrollable and unfortunate limitation relati)25(v)15(e to the collection of cohesion )]TJ 0.094 Tw T* [(data; ho)25(we)25(v)15(er the remo)15(v)25(al of the subscale by the manager further re\036ected the )]TJ 0.027 Tw T* [(\221real-w)10(orld\222 )1(essence )1(of )1(doing )1(PDMS )1(in )1(a )1(professional )1(sport )1(conte)15(xt. )1(In )1(addition, )]TJ -0.06 Tw T* [(match results and player selection issues that occur in the professional\ soccer en)40(vi)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj -0.015 Tw T* [(ronment \(cannot be controlled\) b)20(ut may ha)20(v)15(e af)25(fected the e)15(xtent of the bene\037ts of )]TJ -0.021 Tw T* [(the interv)15(ention, b)20(ut also reinforce the ecological v)25(alidity of the study)65(, and should )]TJ -0.005 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(strengthen )1(the case for the generalizability of the research \037ndings \(Araujo, D\ a)20(vids,)-5( )]TJ -0.002 Tc T* [(& P)15(assos, 2007; Rogers, Kadar)40(, & Costall, 2005\). In contrast, qualitati)25(v)15(e data dem)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj -0.008 Tw T* (onstrated that PDMS brought tangible bene\037ts including: increased per\ ception of )Tj -0.047 Tw T* [(sport psychology services, impro)15(v)15(ed team bonding or closeness, enhanced respect )]TJ -0.057 Tw T* [(and understanding of teammates, and a positi)25(v)15(e team attitude. Gi)25(v)15(en the paucity of )]TJ -0.025 Tw T* [(literature )1(addressing PDMS )1(interv)15(entions in )1(professional sport, )1(this study encour)]TJ 0 Tw 32.067 0 Td (-)Tj 0.018 Tw -32.067 -1.1 Td (ages sport psychology practitioners to perform further PDMS sessions wit\ h their )Tj ET q 0 0 474 690 re W n /CS0 CS 0 SCN 1.25 w /GS1 gs q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q 1 SCN 0.25 w q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q Q endstream endobj 32 0 obj <>stream BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 266.0168 621.4783 Tm [(PDMS in P)55(r)20(of)30(essional Soccer)]TJ /Span<>> BDC [( )-722( )]TJ EMC /T1_1 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 0.055 Tw 15.01 0 Td [(10)-55(9)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0.116 Tw 10 0 0 10 93 590.17 Tm [(Data from pre)25(vious research has re)25(v)15(ealed equi)25(v)20(ocal \037ndings in relation to )]TJ 0.032 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(the ef)25(fects of PDMS on task and social cohesion \(e.g., Dunn & Holt, 2004; P)15(ain )]TJ 0.069 Tw 0 -1.1 TD [(& Harw)10(ood, 2009\). 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Indeed, )-1(the lack of)-1( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.018 Tw T* [(statistical )1(ef)25(fect )1(is lik)10(ely )1(gi)25(v)15(en )1(the time-frame )1(of )1(the study )1(lasted )1(only )1(four)20(-weeks )]TJ -0.042 Tw T* (from pretest to posttest and therefore it is debatable whether a change \ in scores for )Tj 0 Tw T* [(these constructs w)10(ould be realized so quickly \(Carron et al., 2002b\).)]TJ 0.04 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(The v)25(alue of our PDMS interv)15(ention to the e)15(xtant literature e)15(xtends be)15(yond )]TJ -0.018 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(searching for changes in pretest and posttest GEQ scores. )18(The GEQ w)10(as used pri)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.003 Tw T* [(marily because the interv)15(ention w)10(as e)15(xpected to impro)15(v)15(e team spirit or cohesion, )]TJ -0.001 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(a)1(nd)1( b)1(e)1(c)1(au)1(se)1( it)1( h)1(a)1(s be)1(e)1(n)1( u)1(se)1(d)1( w)1(id)1(e)1(ly)1( i)1(n)1( t)1(he)1( li)1(te)1(r)1(a)1(tu)1(re)1( \()1(s)1(e)1(e L)1(ee)1(s)1(on)1( &)1( F)1(l)1(et)1(c)1(he)1(r)41(, 20)1(05)1(\))1(.)-1( )]TJ -0.005 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(F)15(ocusing )1(only )1(on the outcome )1(of cohesion )1(may )1(ha)20(v)15(e misdirected )1(our )1(understanding)-5( )]TJ -0.004 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(of other changes in the players \(e.g., sacri\037ce, emotional disclosur\ e, and friendship;)-4( )]TJ -0.005 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(Carron, Bra)15(wle)15(y)65(, & )30(W)40(idme)15(yer)40(, 1998\). )18(T)80(o illustrate, the foreign players, whom )1(were)-5( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.001 Tw T* [(e)15(xperiencing problems inte)15(grating socially with the team before the PDMS inter)]TJ 0 Tw 32.067 0 Td (-)Tj 0.019 Tw -32.067 -1.1 Td [(v)15(ention, )1(demonstrated )1(an )1(increase )1(in )1(their )1(perception )1(of )1(social )1(inte)15(gration )1(within )]TJ -0.003 Tw T* [(the )1(group: )1(\223we )1(all )1(hang )1(out )1(together )1(and )1(when )1(you )1(go on )1(the )1(pitch )1(you )1(\037ght )1(e)25(v)15(en )]TJ -0.019 Tw T* [(more )1(if )1(the )1(people )1(you )1(are )1(playing )1(with )1(are )1(close )1(friends\224, )1(and, )1(\223we )1(are )1(all )1(part )1(of )]TJ 0.042 Tw T* (a team and support each other and that team spirit helps us get results\224\ . It could )Tj -0.019 Tw T* [(be ar)18(gued that the ef)25(fects found are only true for our nonrandom sample of soccer )]TJ 0.098 Tw T* [(players, b)20(ut data do indicate the potential generalizability of the study to other\ )]TJ 0.084 Tw T* [(populations of soccer players \(Mook, 1983\). )18(Therefore, a PDMS session might )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(be an important tool to inte)15(grate foreign players into a professional soccer team.)]TJ 0.011 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(The posttest qualitati)25(v)15(e data also suggested that the soccer players found the )]TJ -0.007 Tc -0.062 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(PDMS interv)15(ention a positi)25(v)15(e e)15(xperience. In line with pre)25(vious research, the players)-7( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.046 Tw T* [(e)15(xperienced enhanced feelings of closeness and team cohesion, as well as \ impro)15(v)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.043 Tw T* [(ing their understanding of themselv)15(es and teammates \(Dunn & Holt, 2004; Holt )]TJ -0.042 Tw T* [(& Dunn, )1(2006; P)15(ain & Harw)10(ood, 2009\). )18(These )1(perceptual )1(changes were )1(enduring, )]TJ -0.062 Tw T* [(with )1(players\222 )1(positi)25(v)15(e )1(perceptions )1(of )1(the )1(interv)15(ention )1(being )1(illustrated )1(in )1(follo)25(w-up )]TJ 0.035 Tw T* [(social v)25(alidation tw)10(o-weeks after the PDMS interv)15(ention. Finally)65(, data from this )]TJ 0.055 Tw T* (phase indicate PDMS may also be a useful \223entry point\224 for the int\ roduction of )Tj 0.043 Tw T* [(psychology to a professional )1(sport team, with players stating )1(that the)15(y w)10(ould be )]TJ -0.033 Tw T* [(happ)10(y to be in)40(v)20(olv)15(ed in future team psychology sessions \(Fifer)40(, Henschen, Gould, )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(& Ra)20(vizza, 2008; P)15(ain & Harw)10(ood, 2004\).)]TJ 0.036 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(This study )1(also re)25(v)15(ealed )1(important )1(applied issues )1(about using )1(PDMS )1(in UK )]TJ 0.118 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(professional soccer)55(. First, although the issue of establishing rapport between a )]TJ 0.039 Tw T* [(sport psychologist and team is stressed \(Holt & Dunn, 2006; )90(Y)111(uk)10(elson, 2010\), it )]TJ 0.059 Tw T* [(is equally important to establish rapport with the manager and coaching \ staf)25(f to )]TJ 0.076 Tw T* [(allo)25(w the PDMS interv)15(ention to proceed ef)25(fecti)25(v)15(ely)65(. 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Due to )Tj -0.032 Tw T* [(the e)15(xploratory nature of this study alpha w)10(as initially set at .05, ho)25(we)25(v)15(er to guard )]TJ 0.063 Tw T* [(ag)5(ainst type I error)40(, alpha w)10(as then adjusted from .05 to .01 using a Bonferroni )]TJ -0.02 Tw T* [(adjustment \(V)60(incent, 1999\). Comparisons of the measures pretest and posttest are )]TJ 0.078 Tw T* [(detailed in )18(T)80(able 1, and re)25(v)15(ealed no signi\037cant dif)25(ferences across the GEQ and )]TJ 0 Tw T* (BRSECTS subscales \()Tj /T1_4 1 Tf (p>)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (.01\).)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0.003 Tw 9 0 0 9 75 404.1021 Tm [(T)115(eam )1(P)20(erf)30(or)30(mance)-30(.)]TJ /Span<>> BDC 9.013 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /T1_2 1 Tf 0.008 Tc 0.002 Tw 10 0 0 10 165.1212 404.1021 Tm [(The cup match \037nished with the scores le)25(v)15(el after normal)8( )]TJ 0.067 Tw -9.012 -1.1 Td [(time \(i.e., 90-min\) and 30-min of e)15(xtra time. Ho)25(we)25(v)15(er)40(, the team narro)25(wly lost)8( )]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw -0 -4.278 Td [(T)80(ab)10(le 1)]TJ /Span<>> BDC ( )Tj EMC 4.356 0 Td [(Mean Scor)20(es and Standar)20(d De)15(viations)]TJ ( )Tj -4.356 -1.2 Td [(f)20(or Measur)20(es Used P)20(r)20(e- and P)40(ost-Int)15(er)-10(v)20(ention)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0.25 w /GS1 gs q 1 0 0 1 75 331.1951 cm 0 0 m 131 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 206 331.1951 cm 0 0 m 75.75 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 281.75 331.1951 cm 0 0 m 57.5 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 339.25 331.1951 cm 0 0 m 59.5 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 75 314.7332 cm 0 0 m 131 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 206 314.7332 cm 0 0 m 75.75 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 281.75 314.7332 cm 0 0 m 57.5 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 339.25 314.7332 cm 0 0 m 59.5 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 75 89.0674 cm 0 0 m 131 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 206 89.0674 cm 0 0 m 75.75 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 281.75 89.0674 cm 0 0 m 57.5 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 339.25 89.0674 cm 0 0 m 59.5 0 l S Q BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 0 9 80 319.7332 Tm [(V)60(ar)15(iab)10(le)]TJ 17.279 0 Td (Mean \(\261 )Tj /T1_5 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 252.5933 319.7332 Tm (SD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 0 9 265.0941 319.7332 Tm (\))Tj /T1_5 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 309.249 319.7332 Tm (t)Tj 6.195 0 Td (df)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -31.667 -1.794 Td (GEQ)Tj 0 -1.556 TD [(A)111(TG-S )]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf -0.037 Tc 0.037 Tw [(p)-37(re)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 16 1.556 Td (6.51 \(1.33\))Tj 8.736 0 Td (1.12)Tj 6.375 0 Td (1, 17)Tj -31.111 -3.35 Td [(A)111(TG-S )]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf (post)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16 0 Td (6.26 \(1.30\))Tj -16 -3.35 Td (GI-S )Tj /T1_4 1 Tf -0.037 Tc 0.037 Tw [(p)-37(re)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 16 0 Td (4.95 \(1.59\))Tj 8.986 0 Td (.33)Tj 6.125 0 Td (1, 18)Tj -31.111 -3.35 Td (GI-S )Tj /T1_4 1 Tf (pos)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (t)Tj 16.25 0 Td (5.17 \(.90\))Tj -16.25 -2.022 Td (GI-T )Tj /T1_4 1 Tf -0.037 Tc 0.037 Tw [(p)-37(re)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 16 0 Td (6.32 \(1.17\))Tj 8.986 0 Td (.43)Tj 6.125 0 Td (1, 18)Tj -31.111 -1.794 Td (GI-T )Tj /T1_4 1 Tf (post)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.25 0 Td (6.18 \(.98\))Tj -16.25 -2.022 Td (BRSECT)Tj 0 -1.556 TD [(Positi)25(v)15(e con\036ict )]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf -0.037 Tc 0.037 Tw [(p)-37(re)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 16 1.556 Td (4.63 \(1.02\))Tj 8.986 0 Td (.28)Tj 6.125 0 Td (1, 19)Tj -31.111 -3.35 Td [(Positi)25(v)15(e con\036ict )]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf (post)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16 0 Td (4.63 \(1.04\))Tj -16 -2.022 Td [(Ne)15(g)5(ati)25(v)15(e con\036ict )]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf -0.037 Tc 0.037 Tw [(p)-37(re)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 16.25 0 Td (4.28 \(.85\))Tj 8.736 0 Td (.85)Tj 6.125 0 Td (1, 19)Tj -31.111 -1.794 Td [(Ne)15(g)5(ati)25(v)15(e con\036ict )]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf (post)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.25 0 Td (4.62 \(.87\))Tj /T1_4 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 75 77.9424 Tm (Note)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (. )Tj /T1_4 1 Tf (p>)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( .01)Tj ET q 0 0 474 690 re W n /CS0 CS 0 SCN 1.25 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q 1 SCN 0.25 w q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q Q endstream endobj 73 0 obj <> endobj 75 0 obj <> endobj 76 0 obj <>stream H\Pj0 )tlnֹ(ò=@b+aOǯSln1`8%jGرcuyS'r )s+.g-֍{Nk08P.v/Cc(nz _a78Nc܈L 3IЙqAwӉr CI1%7\f\͖d7q!*Q>stream HlmL[U-J\YZbtҙ2aqhƘڷ{Ǩ ,2` R`.jD̢s%uƌؤ8mgL<Ul TArw1ywR$)ȇT'!2tR8Ƣ"rk)i\YFj6 i|anb)Ő63adYR)J< 3EDFv+o9o|^4uH;mmg}L3eZ02l'{^CK%dh0J|~)LV7RCr/F oT%)oXORs?NIuP]KSV蔓s%Ju1muvD˒lէy6oߙKgC==&wlblf= %J7s 4ə$~8rf?:;Fg76gnLSJtz# endstream endobj 71 0 obj <>stream BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 266.4567 621.4783 Tm [(PDMS in P)55(r)20(of)30(essional Soccer)]TJ /Span<>> BDC [( )-722( )]TJ EMC /T1_1 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 0.055 Tw 15.01 0 Td (101)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc -0.06 Tw 10 0 0 10 75 590.17 Tm [(\037v)15(e players had been reassured that the)15(y could stay and listen to the other speeches )]TJ 0.037 Tw 0 -1.1 TD [(without ha)20(ving to mak)10(e a speech themselv)15(es and by being present at the session )]TJ 0.031 Tw T* [(the)15(y were after all making a contrib)20(ution to the group. )18(The chairs were arranged )]TJ -0.019 Tw T* [(in )1(a )1(circle )1(to )1(encourage )1(openness )1(during )1(the )1(session, )1(with )1(one )1(empty )1(chair )1(ne)15(xt )1(to )]TJ 0 Tw T* (the SP where the player making their speech sat.)Tj 0.078 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(The SP f)10(acilitated the depth of self-disclosure by reinforcing openness and )]TJ -0.013 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(encouraging acti)25(v)15(e participation of all group members \(Kirshner)40(, Dies, & Bro)25(wn, )]TJ 0.066 Tw T* [(1978; Ribner)40(, 1974\). Indeed, it is lik)10(ely within a sports team there will be indi)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.017 Tw T* [(vidual dif)25(ferences in readiness to self-disclose to other members of the team, b)20(ut )]TJ 0.095 Tw T* [(there is lik)10(ely to be reciprocity between ho)25(w much an indi)25(vidual self-discloses )]TJ -0.014 Tw T* [(and ho)25(w much self-disclosure is elicited from others \(Wright & Ingraham, 1985\ \). )]TJ -0.036 Tw T* [(Self-disclosure is typically promoted if initial speak)10(ers are more comfortable with )]TJ 0.105 Tw T* [(public self-disclosure and are prepared to tell a strong emotional story\ )65(. )18(T)80(o this )]TJ 0.002 Tw T* [(end, the SP started the session by asking the players not to act b)20(ut to be open and )]TJ 0.024 Tw T* [(honest when speaking. One player v)20(olunteered to speak \037rst and then others fol)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.036 Tw T* [(lo)25(wed. Once or twice certain players were in)40(vited by the SP to mak)10(e a speech if )]TJ -0.031 Tw T* [(no one v)20(olunteered. Some of the players \(those who had been less con\037dent ab\ out )]TJ -0.001 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(speaking\) look)10(ed at the SP rather than their teammates. )18(The SP encouraged players)-1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.022 Tw T* [(to speak and thank)10(ed them after their speech. Players listened attenti)25(v)15(ely to each )]TJ 0.021 Tw T* [(player )1(and )1(spontaneously )1(applauded )1(each )1(speech. )31(When )1(all )1(those )1(who )1(w)10(anted )1(to )]TJ -0.032 Tw T* [(speak had done so, the \037v)15(e players who had initially not w)10(anted to tak)10(e part deli)25(v)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj -0.026 Tw T* [(ered a speech spontaneously)65(. )55(Ar)18(guably)65(, the most emotional speeches \(with a lar)18(ge )]TJ 0.024 Tw T* [(amount of personal disclosure\) )1(were from these \037v)15(e players. )56(After all 21 players )]TJ -0.005 Tw T* [(had made a speech in front of their teammates the players ask)10(ed the SP to tell her )]TJ -0.055 Tw T* [(o)25(wn story)65(. )55(Accordingly)65(, it is lik)10(ely a lack of self-ef\037cac)15(y pre)25(v)15(ented the \037v)15(e players )]TJ T* [(from initially taking part in the PDMS session. Ho)25(we)25(v)15(er)40(, as the session progressed )]TJ 0.029 Tw T* [(important vicarious e)15(xperience information may ha)20(v)15(e been presented from other )]TJ 0.009 Tw T* (teammates which then enhanced their belief to successfully complete a sp\ eech at )Tj 0 Tw T* (the end \(Bandura, 1997\).)Tj 0.064 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(Players spok)10(e for 2 or 3 min and the PDMS interv)15(ention w)10(as completed in )]TJ 0.078 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(90 min. )55(As the team left the room, one player said that he \223w)10(anted to hug\224 his )]TJ -0.02 Tw T* [(teammates after hearing their stories. )55(Another said that if one player who had told )]TJ -0.028 Tw T* [(a v)15(ery personal story had cried the whole team w)10(ould ha)20(v)15(e been in tears. )55(All play)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.082 Tw T* [(ers )1(recei)25(v)15(ed )1(a )1(social )1(v)25(alidation )1(questionnaire )1(as )1(the)15(y )1(left )1(the )1(room. )19(These )1(were )]TJ 0.029 Tw T* (completed and returned to the SP by 14 of the 21 players \(67%\) before \ the team )Tj 0 Tw T* [(left the hotel for the important cup g)5(ame.)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0.092 Tw 9 0 0 9 75 188.17 Tm [(P)30(ost)30(t)20(est:)100( P)30(ostint)20(erv)20(ention \(f)30(ollow)-40(-up\).)]TJ /Span<>> BDC 17.894 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /T1_2 1 Tf 0.008 Tc 0.083 Tw 10 0 0 10 245.0431 188.17 Tm [(A team meeting w)10(as held tw)10(o weeks)8( )]TJ -0.06 Tw -17.004 -1.1 Td [(after the PDMS interv)15(ention when the SP w)10(as allo)25(wed a 30-min slot on a training)8( )]TJ 0.058 Tw T* [(day)65(. Players were ask)10(ed to \037ll in the tw)10(o measures \(GEQ and BRSECTS\) and)8( )]TJ 0.001 Tw T* [(a )1(follo)25(w-up )1(social )1(v)25(alidation )1(questionnaire )1(to )1(ascertain )1(an)15(y )1(maintenance )1(ef)25(fects)8( )]TJ 0.067 Tw T* [(of the PDMS interv)15(ention. F)15(ourteen of the 21 players who had participated in)8( )]TJ 0.091 Tw T* [(the PDMS session attended this session. Se)25(v)15(en players were not a)20(v)25(ailable for)8( )]TJ 0.062 Tw T* [(the meeting \(i.e., three were a)15(w)10(ay on international duty)65(, one had left the club,)8( )]TJ 0.022 Tw T* [(one w)10(as on loan to another club, one w)10(as recei)25(ving treatment at the time of the)8( )]TJ 0.013 Tw T* [(meeting, and the player who had not completed the measures originally di\ d not)8( )]TJ 0.016 Tw T* [(attend\). )55(At the end of the meeting, the SP debriefed the team about the purpose)8( )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(of the study and pre)25(vious PDMS research in sport teams.)]TJ ET q 0 0 474 690 re W n /CS0 CS 0 SCN 1.25 w /GS1 gs q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q 1 SCN 0.25 w q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q Q endstream endobj 70 0 obj <>stream BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 0.777 Tw 8 0 0 8 75 621.4783 Tm [(10)-95(0)]TJ /Span<>> BDC 1.653 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Bar)-15(k)20(er and McC)25(ar)-40(th)30(y)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0.008 Tc 0.067 Tw 10 0 0 10 75 590.17 Tm [(k)10(eep )1(the )1(participant information )1(sheet )1(so that )1(the)15(y )1(could prepare their )1(talks )1(to)8( )]TJ 0 Tw 0 -1.1 TD [(the follo)25(wing questions:)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tc -0.049 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td (Question 1:)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [( )18(T)70(ell the group wh)5(y you play soccer)40(, and what you think you bring )]TJ 0 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td (to the team.)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0.049 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td (Question 2:)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf ( Describe a personal story that will help your teammates under)Tj 0 Tw 30.267 0 Td (-)Tj -0.029 Tw -32.067 -1.1 Td [(stand you better)40(, that you w)10(ould w)10(ant them to kno)25(w about you, and that illustrates )]TJ 0.069 Tw T* [(something that de\037nes who you are. )90(Y)110(our story can be related to an)15(y e)25(v)15(ent that )]TJ -0.007 Tw T* [(has tak)10(en place in your personal or sporting life, for e)15(xample, what sacri\037ces )1(you )]TJ 0.082 Tw T* [(ha)20(v)15(e )1(made )1(to )1(follo)25(w )1(your soccer )1(career)55(. )19(T)35(ry )1(and )1(con)40(vince )1(your )1(teammates )1(that )]TJ 0.039 Tw T* [(the)15(y w)10(ould w)10(ant you in the team alongside them when we play in the important )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(cup g)5(ame the ne)15(xt day)65(.)]TJ 0.027 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(W)80(e follo)25(wed recommendations )1(from past )1(research to maximize )1(task content )]TJ 0.034 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(for )1(the )1(PDMS interv)15(ention )1(\(i.e., increased )1(cohesion )1(and )1(communication; )1(Holt )1(& )]TJ -0.042 Tw T* [(Dunn, 2006\). )18(T)80(o illustrate, question 2 encouraged players to speak about their per)]TJ 0 Tw 32.067 0 Td (-)Tj -0.002 Tc -0.062 Tw -32.067 -1.1 Td [(sonal )1(sacri\037ces )1(during )1(the )1(session )1(because )1(cohesi)25(v)15(eness )1(may )1(be )1(link)10(ed )1(to )1(members)-2( )]TJ -0.063 Tw T* [(making personal sacri\037ces for the good of the team; ho)25(we)25(v)15(er)40(, other members of the)-2( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw T* [(team need to kno)25(w about these sacri\037ces \(Prapa)20(v)15(essis & Carron, 1997\).)]TJ 0.033 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(There is the possibility of ne)15(g)5(ati)25(v)15(e consequences of self-disclosure for indi)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.045 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(viduals with lo)25(w self-esteem when using PDMS \(Cameron, Holmes, & )50(V)129(orauer)40(, )]TJ 0.053 Tw T* [(2009\). )18(This w)10(as pre)25(v)25(alent in the soccer team in this current study)65(. F)15(or e)15(xample, )]TJ 0.009 Tw T* [(se)25(v)15(eral players said that the)15(y did not w)10(ant to mak)10(e a speech because the)15(y did not )]TJ 0.03 Tw T* [(feel comfortable in such a situation. F)15(or these players, the SP reassured them by )]TJ -0.008 Tw T* [(stating that the)15(y w)10(ould not ha)20(v)15(e to mak)10(e a public speech if the)15(y did not feel com)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj -0.061 Tw T* [(fortable, )1(ho)25(we)25(v)15(er if the)15(y did the)15(y w)10(ould be making a vital )1(contrib)20(ution to the team. )]TJ 0.005 Tw T* [(T)80(o alle)25(viate the concerns )1(of the players, the SP pro)15(vided reassurance support and )]TJ 0.009 Tw T* (guidance on appropriate content to those players who required it while p\ reparing )Tj 0 Tw T* (their speeches in the weeks preceding the PDMS session.)Tj -0.003 Tc -0.062 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(T)80(wenty-four )1(\037rst )1(team )1(players )1(attended the preinterv)15(ention )1(\(i.e., )1(pretest\) meet)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj -0.028 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(ing )1(and )1(23 )1(players )1(completed )1(the )1(baseline )1(measures. )1(One )1(player )1(declined )1(because )]TJ 0.057 Tw T* [(English w)10(as )1(not his \037rst language )1(and he )1(did not understand )1(the task. )18(The )1(team )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(did not w)10(ant the manager)40(, coaches )1(or technical )1(staf)25(f )1(present at )1(the PDMS )1(session )]TJ 0.012 Tw T* [(because the)15(y felt the)15(y w)10(ould not be able to speak freely especially with the man)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj T* [(ager\222)55(s role in team selection.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 75 221.17 Tm [(Int)20(erv)20(ention.)]TJ /Span<>> BDC 5.855 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /T1_2 1 Tf 0.008 Tc 0.049 Tw 10 0 0 10 136.6948 221.17 Tm [(The SP deli)25(v)15(ered the PDMS interv)15(ention while the team w)10(as at)8( )]TJ 0.033 Tw -6.169 -1.1 Td [(a hotel preparing for their important cup g)5(ame. )18(The squad comprised 21 of the)8( )]TJ -0.009 Tw T* [(24 \037rst team players who had attended the preinterv)15(ention meeting; tw)10(o players)8( )]TJ -0.011 Tw T* [(had not been selected for the squad and a third player w)10(as injured. )18(The manager)8( )]TJ 0.025 Tw T* [(felt that the session w)10(ould act as a \223di)25(v)15(ersion\224 for the players before the g)5(ame,)8( )]TJ -0.041 Tw T* [(who w)10(ould otherwise be w)10(atching tele)25(vision, listening to music or playing video)8( )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(g)5(ames in their hotel rooms.)]TJ 0 Tc -0.004 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(The )1(team tra)20(v)15(eled )1(to )1(the hotel tw)10(o days )1(before )1(the match )1(and arri)25(v)15(ed )1(midaft)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj -0.052 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(ernoon. )18(The )1(interv)15(ention w)10(as scheduled )1(for the )1(follo)25(wing e)25(v)15(ening )1(b)20(ut the manager )]TJ 0.112 Tw T* [(told the SP that he w)10(ould prefer the interv)15(ention to be done that e)25(v)15(ening. )18(The )]TJ 0.081 Tw T* [(interv)15(ention w)10(as held in the team\222)55(s meeting room at the hotel after dinner)55(. )18(The )]TJ 0.025 Tw T* [(manager)40(, coaches, and other staf)25(f left before the session be)15(g)5(an. )55(All 21 players in )]TJ -0.01 Tw T* (the squad remained in the room for the meeting, although immediately bef\ ore the )Tj 0.005 Tw T* [(session \037v)15(e players told the SP that the)15(y were not going to mak)10(e a speech. )18(These )]TJ ET q 0 0 474 690 re W n /CS0 CS 0 SCN 1.25 w /GS1 gs q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q 1 SCN 0.25 w q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q Q endstream endobj 69 0 obj <>stream BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 270.0248 621.4783 Tm [(PDMS in P)55(r)20(of)30(essional Soccer)]TJ /Span<>> BDC [( )-722( )]TJ EMC /T1_1 1 Tf 15.01 0 Td (99)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.008 Tc 0.103 Tw 10 0 0 10 75 590.17 Tm [(team to solv)15(e an)15(y disagreements\224, \223get all problems out in the open\224, \223when)8( )]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.062 Tw 0 -1.1 TD [(disagreements arise, we try to communicate directly with those we ha)20(v)15(e a problem)1( )]TJ -0.002 Tc T* [(with\224, \223compromize with each other when we disagree\224 and \223ar\ e willing to discuss)-2( )]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.03 Tw T* [(our feelings\224\) and ne)15(g)5(ati)25(v)15(e con\036ict \(we \223shout when upset\224, \223get in each other\222)55(s)8( )]TJ 0.019 Tw T* [(f)10(aces when we disagree\224, \223communicate anger through body language\224\ , \223sho)25(w)8( )]TJ 0.003 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(that we lose )1(our )1(temper\224, )1(\223personally )1(criticize )1(one )1(another )1(when )1(we )1(disagree\224 )1(and)3( )]TJ 0.008 Tc 0.023 Tw T* [(\223backstab one another when we disagree\224\). P)15(articipants responded to the items)8( )]TJ 0.063 Tw T* [(by rating each statement on a scale from 1 \(hardly e)25(v)15(er\) to 7 \(almost al)10(w)10(ays\).)8( )]TJ 0.076 Tw T* [(Evidence has re)25(v)15(ealed the construct of positi)25(v)15(e con\036ict is related to increased)8( )]TJ 0.012 Tw T* [(cohesion, and ne)15(g)5(ati)25(v)15(e con\036ict related to lo)25(wer le)25(v)15(els of task cohesion within a)8( )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(group \(Sulli)25(v)25(an & Feltz, 2001\).)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tc 0.048 Tw 9 0 0 9 75 463.17 Tm [(Social V)75(alidation.)]TJ /Span<>> BDC 8.092 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /T1_2 1 Tf 0.008 Tc 0.088 Tw 10 0 0 10 156.8245 463.17 Tm [(Social v)25(alidation is inte)15(gral to interv)15(ention-based research)8( )]TJ 0.003 Tw -8.182 -1.1 Td [(because it informs researchers and practitioners about the deli)25(v)15(ery and ef)25(fect of)8( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(psychological techniques \(Martin et al., 2005\). In line with pre)25(vious research \(e.g., )]TJ 0.008 Tc 0.079 Tw T* [(Bark)10(er)40(, Jones, & Greenlees, 2010; Hanton & Jones, 1999\) a qualitati)25(v)15(e social)8( )]TJ 0.005 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(v)25(alidation questionnaire e)15(xploring the players\222 perceptions and feelings about the)5( )]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.036 Tw T* [(interv)15(ention and its procedures, along with the percei)25(v)15(ed bene\037ts w)10(as de)25(v)15(eloped)8( )]TJ 0.007 Tw T* [(\(Kazdin, 1982; Mor)18(g)5(an & Mor)18(g)5(an, 2009\). )18(This questionnaire w)10(as administered)8( )]TJ 0.072 Tw T* [(on tw)10(o occasions follo)25(wing the PDMS interv)15(ention. Both questionnaires were)8( )]TJ 0.003 Tw T* [(printed onto tw)10(o sides of an )55(A4 sheet with six questions used immediately after)8( )]TJ -0.025 Tw T* [(the )1(PDMS session and )1(four )1(for the )1(2-week )1(follo)25(w-up questionnaire. )1(P)15(articipants)8( )]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(therefore had ample space in which to write their thoughts about the int\ erv)15(ention.)7( )]TJ 0.008 Tc 0 Tw T* [(A cop)10(y of the questionnaire is a)20(v)25(ailable from the \037rst author upon request.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.008 Tw 11 0 0 11 75 322.17 Tm [(P)20(r)20(ocedur)20(e)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0.068 Tw 10 0 0 10 75 305.17 Tm [(The 3-f)10(actor )1(GEQ and )1(2-f)10(actor BRSECTS )1(measures )1(were tak)10(en )1(during a group )]TJ 0.028 Tw T* [(meeting held in a pri)25(v)25(ate lounge at the soccer club on tw)10(o occasions, tw)10(o-weeks )]TJ -0.002 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(before )1(and )1(tw)10(o-weeks )1(after )1(the )1(PDMS )1(interv)15(ention, )1(taking )1(ten )1(minutes )1(to )1(complete)-2( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.076 Tw T* [(each time. Social v)25(alidation questionnaires were completed in the players\222 o)25(wn )]TJ -0.022 Tw T* [(time within 48-hr of the PDMS interv)15(ention \(immediate\), and at the meeting tw)10(o-)]TJ -0.003 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(weeks after the PDMS interv)15(ention \(follo)25(w-up\), taking around 15-min to complete.)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.062 Tw T* [(Data were identi\037ed by squad number b)20(ut social v)25(alidation questionnaires were )]TJ -0.009 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(anon)15(ymous. Social desirability instructions were included \(Martens, Burton,\ )50(V)111(eale)15(y)65(,)-9( )]TJ -0.003 Tc T* [(Bump, & Smith, 1990\) and players were assured that all data w)10(ould be anon)15(ymous,)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw T* [(stored a)15(w)10(ay from the club, and also coaches and manager w)10(ould not be informed )]TJ T* [(of an)15(y indi)25(vidual\222)55(s responses, only of the o)15(v)15(erall group response.)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf -0.014 Tc -0.069 Tw 9 0 0 9 75 178.17 Tm [(P)20(r)20(et)20(est:)100( P)20(r)20(eint)20(erv)20(ention.)]TJ /Span<>> BDC 10.8 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /T1_2 1 Tf -0.004 Tc -0.063 Tw 10 0 0 10 181.0751 178.17 Tm [(The process of preparing the players for the interv)15(ention)-4( )]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.015 Tw -10.608 -1.1 Td [(be)15(g)5(an at a team meeting held tw)10(o-weeks before the planned PDMS interv)15(ention)8( )]TJ 0.047 Tw T* [(and follo)25(wed similar procedures to that used in pre)25(vious PDMS research \(e.g.,)8( )]TJ 0.052 Tw T* [(Holt & Dunn, 2006\). )18(The SP w)10(as allo)25(wed a 15-min time slot, by the coaching)8( )]TJ -0.044 Tw T* [(staf)25(f, to see the players before a morning training session at the club)40(. )18(The players)8( )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(recei)25(v)15(ed a folder enclosing a participation information sheet, and both the GE\ Q)8( )]TJ -0.029 Tw T* [(and BRSECTS. In-line with past research players were told that the inter\ v)15(ention)8( )]TJ 0.006 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(w)10(ould in)40(v)20(olv)15(e sharing a personal story with their teammates, and that the)15(y should)6( )]TJ 0.008 Tc 0.013 Tw T* [(be open, honest, and the team\222)55(s g)5(ain depended on what indi)25(vidual players were)8( )]TJ 0.073 Tw T* [(willing to disclose )1(in the session \(Holt & )1(Dunn, )1(2006\). Players were ask)10(ed )1(to)8( )]TJ ET q 0 0 474 690 re W n /CS0 CS 0 SCN 1.25 w /GS1 gs q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q 1 SCN 0.25 w q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q Q endstream endobj 11 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/TrimBox[21.0 21.0 453.0 669.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 12 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/TrimBox[21.0 21.0 453.0 669.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 13 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/TrimBox[21.0 21.0 453.0 669.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 14 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/TrimBox[21.0 21.0 453.0 669.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 15 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/TrimBox[21.0 21.0 453.0 669.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 82 0 obj <>stream BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.722 Tw 8 0 0 8 75 621.4783 Tm (98)Tj /Span<>> BDC ( )Tj EMC /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tw [(Bar)-15(k)20(er and McC)25(ar)-40(th)30(y)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0.05 Tw 10 0 0 10 75 590.17 Tm [(matches )1(and at half-time, )1(sat on the bench )1(during the match, and w)10(ore the team )]TJ 0.045 Tw 0 -1.1 TD [(uniform )1(on )1(match )1(days. )56(Also )1(in )1(their )1(role )1(as )1(SP)111(, )1(an )1(introduction )1(to )1(mental )1(skills )]TJ -0.014 Tw T* [(presentation had been deli)25(v)15(ered to the \037rst team squad earlier in the season, and a )]TJ 0.017 Tw T* [(presentation on cohesion and communication had been deli)25(v)15(ered to the coaching )]TJ -0.016 Tw T* [(staf)25(f. )18(The e)15(xperience of being a team ph)5(ysician for 16-years helped the SP to pre)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj -0.02 Tw T* [(pare, and to cope with the culture of senior professional soccer \(P)15(ain & Harw)10(ood, )]TJ -0.063 Tw T* [(2004\), as we)1(ll as pro)15(viding a unique posi)1(ti)1(on to a)1(id in)1(te)16(gration of sport psych)1(olog)1(y )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(at the club and to deli)25(v)15(er a PDMS interv)15(ention.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 11 0 0 11 75 488.17 Tm [(Measur)20(es)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf -0.007 Tc 0.007 Tw 9 0 0 9 75 471.17 Tm (Cohesion.)Tj /Span<>> BDC 4.665 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /T1_2 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.063 Tw 10 0 0 10 125.9202 471.17 Tm [(Cohesion w)10(as measured using the Group En)40(vironment Questionnaire)2( )]TJ 0.004 Tc -0.062 Tw -5.092 -1.1 Td [(\(GEQGEQ: Carron et al., 1985\). )18(The GEQ is a widely used, v)25(alidated and reliable)4( )]TJ 0.008 Tc 0.043 Tw T* [(18-item multif)10(actor in)40(v)15(entory that assesses four dimension of cohesion: Group)8( )]TJ 0.002 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(I)1(n)1(t)1(e)16(g)1(r)1(a)1(t)1(i)1(o)1(n)1(-)1(T)81(a)1(s)1(k)1( \()1(G)1(I)1(-)1(T)1(\))1(,)1( G)1(r)1(o)1(u)1(p)1( I)1(n)1(t)1(e)16(g)1(r)1(a)1(t)1(i)1(o)1(n)1(-)1(S)1(o)1(c)1(i)1(a)1(l)1( \()1(G)1(I)1(-)1(S)1(\))1(,)1( I)1(n)1(d)1(i)26(v)1(i)1(d)1(u)1(a)1(l)1( )55(A)1(t)1(t)1(r)1(a)1(c)1(t)1(i)1(o)1(n)1( t)1(o)2( )]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.016 Tw T* [(the Group-T)80(ask \(A)111(TG-T\), and Indi)25(vidual )55(Attractions to the Group-Social \(A)111(TG-)]TJ -0.02 Tw T* [(S; )30(W)40(idme)15(yer)40(, Bra)15(wle)15(y)65(, & Carron, 1985\). Responses were anchored on a 9-point)8( )]TJ -0.006 Tw T* [(Lik)10(ert scale by 1 \()]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 0 Tc [(I str)45(ongly disa)10(gr)37(ee)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf [(\) to 9 )1(\()]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf [(I str)45(ongly a)10(gr)37(ee)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf [(\). )18(Thus, )1(higher scores )]TJ -0.01 Tc -0.062 Tw 0 -1.1 Td [(re\036ected )1(higher )1(perception )1(of cohesion. )1(Research )1(using )1(the )1(GEQ )1(has )1(re)25(v)15(ealed )1(scores)-10( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.039 Tw T* [(obtained on the four dimensions to be v)25(alid and reliable. )18(T)80(o illustrate, Cronbach )]TJ 0.067 Tw T* (alpha coef\037cients indicate acceptable internal reliabilities for the \ four subscales )Tj 0.068 Tw T* [(\(e.g., )55(A)111(TG-T = .78; GI-T = .73; GI-S = .70; )55(A)111(TG-S =.46; Eys, Carron, Bray)65(, & )]TJ 0.004 Tc 0.125 Tw T* [(Bra)15(wle)15(y)65(, 2007\). Upon inspection of the GEQ the club manager w)10(anted items)4( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.002 Tw T* [(omitted which formed the Indi)25(vidual )55(Attraction to Group-T)80(ask \(A)111(TG-T\) subscale )]TJ -0.013 Tw T* [(of the GEQ. Items for this subscale included: \223I am not happ)10(y with the amount of )]TJ 0.047 Tw T* [(playing time I get\224, \223I do not lik)10(e the style of play on this team\224, \223I\222m unhapp)10(y )]TJ 0.021 Tw T* [(with my team\222)55(s le)25(v)15(el of desire to win\224, and \223This team does not gi)25(v)15(e me enough )]TJ -0.061 Tw T* [(opportunities )1(to )1(impro)15(v)15(e )1(my )1(personal )1(performance\224. )1(He )1(felt )1(that )1(these )1(items )1(might )]TJ 0.056 Tw T* [(create discontent among players who were not getting selected re)15(gularly for the )]TJ -0.001 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(team, particularly if the)15(y then talk)10(ed to others in the same situation about the points)-1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.036 Tw T* [(raised. He did not w)10(ant these players \223knocking on his door\224 to query their lack )]TJ 0.086 Tw T* [(of playing time. Because of the manager\222)55(s objections, the )55(A)111(TG-T subscale w)10(as )]TJ -0.023 Tw T* [(therefore omitted from the \037nal GEQ that w)10(as administered to the players. )30(While, )]TJ -0.02 Tw T* [(the remo)15(v)25(al of this subscale )1(possibly )1(af)25(fected )1(the o)15(v)15(erall psychometric )1(v)25(alidity of )]TJ -0.046 Tw T* (the GEQ \(Carron et a., 1985\), the subscales are suggested to be suf\037\ ciently unique )Tj 0 Tw T* [(and rob)20(ust for a reduced subscale GEQ or indi)25(vidual use \(Eys et al., 2007\).)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 75 190.17 Tm (Communication.)Tj /Span<>> BDC 7.784 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /T1_2 1 Tf 0.008 Tc 0.023 Tw 10 0 0 10 154.0554 190.17 Tm [(Communication w)10(as measured using the Scale for Ef)25(fecti)25(v)15(e)8( )]TJ 0.007 Tw -7.906 -1.1 Td [(Communication in )18(T)70(eam Sports \(SECTS; Sulli)25(v)25(an & Feltz, 2003\). )18(The SECTS,)8( )]TJ 0.035 Tc 0.125 Tw T* [(a)1(l)1(t)1(h)1(o)1(u)1(g)1(h)1( )1(d)1(e)26(v)16(e)1(l)1(o)1(p)1(e)1(d)1( )1(w)1(i)1(t)1(h)1( )1(N)1(o)1(r)1(t)1(h)1( )56(A)1(m)1(e)1(r)1(i)1(c)1(a)1(n)1( )1(s)1(p)1(or)1(t)1(s)1( )1(t)1(e)1(a)1(m)1(s)1( )1(h)1(a)1(s)1( )1(g)1(o)1(o)1(d)1( )1(i)1(n)1(t)1(e)1(r)1(n)1(a)1(l)35( )]TJ 0.008 Tc 0.112 Tw T* [(consistenc)15(y among British team sports athletes \(including soccer players\) for)8( )]TJ 0.014 Tc 0.125 Tw T* [(positi)25(v)15(e con\036ict \(dealing with interpersonal dif)25(ferences in a nonemotionally)14( )]TJ 0.008 Tc 0.11 Tw T* [(char)18(ged w)10(ay; Cronbach alpha )1(coef\037cient .81\), ne)15(g)5(ati)25(v)15(e con\036ict \(dealing with)8( )]TJ 0.031 Tc 0.125 Tw T* [(d)1(if)26(fe)1(r)1(e)1(nc)1(e)1(s )1(i)1(n )1(a )1(d)1(es)1(t)1(ru)1(c)1(ti)26(v)15(e)1( )1(ma)1(n)1(ne)1(r)1(; )1(C)1(ro)1(nb)1(a)1(c)1(h )1(a)1(lp)1(ha)1( )1(co)1(e)1(f)25(f)21(ic)1(i)1(e)1(nt)1( .)1(8)1(1\))1(, )1(a)1(nd)31( )]TJ 0.008 Tc 0.041 Tw T* [(acceptance \(Cronbach alpha coef\037cients .80; Sulli)25(v)25(an & Callo)25(w)65(, 2005\). In this)8( )]TJ 0.004 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(study)65(, the SP w)10(as pro)15(vided with an 11-item BR \(British\) SECTS 2-f)10(actor measure)4( )]TJ 0.014 Tc 0.125 Tw T* [(w)1(h)1(e)1(r)1(e)1( )1(i)1(t)1(e)1(m)1(s)1( )1(w)1(e)1(r)1(e)1( )1(a)1(l)1(t)1(e)1(r)1(e)1(d)1( )1(t)1(o)1( )1(r)1(e)1(\036)1(e)1(c)1(t)1( )1(B)1(r)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(s)1(h)1( )1(p)1(a)1(r)1(l)1(a)1(n)1(c)1(e)1( )1(\()1(P)112(.)1( )1(J)1(.)1( )1(S)1(u)1(l)1(l)1(i)26(v)26(a)1(n)1(,)1( )1(p)1(e)1(r)1(s)1(o)1(n)1(a)1(l)14( )]TJ 0.01 Tc T* [(communication, )55(August 8, 2008\) looking at positi)25(v)15(e con\036ict \(we \223w)10(ork as a)10( )]TJ ET q 0 0 474 690 re W n /CS0 CS 0 SCN 1.25 w /GS1 gs q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q 1 SCN 0.25 w q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q Q endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>stream BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 270.0248 621.4783 Tm [(PDMS in P)55(r)20(of)30(essional Soccer)]TJ /Span<>> BDC [( )-722( )]TJ EMC /T1_1 1 Tf 15.01 0 Td (97)Tj 13 0 0 13 213.8927 587.6661 Tm (Method)Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 11 0 0 11 75 566.6661 Tm (Design)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0.084 Tw 10 0 0 10 75 549.6661 Tm [(A pretest-posttest follo)25(w-up design using a PDMS interv)15(ention w)10(as carried out )]TJ 0.018 Tw 0 -1.1 TD (with 21 male full-time professional soccer players of mean age 23.3 year\ s \()Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tw (SD)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.018 Tw ( = )Tj -0.06 Tw T* (3.5, range 18\22633 years\), forming the whole of the \037rst-team playi\ ng squad of a UK )Tj -0.003 Tw T* [(top di)25(vision professional soccer club)40(. Ethical appro)15(v)25(al for the study w)10(as obtained )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.124 Tw T* [(f)1(r)1(o)1(m)1( t)1(h)1(e)1( u)1(n)1(i)26(v)16(e)1(r)1(s)1(i)1(t)1(y)1(\222)56(s)1( r)1(e)1(s)1(e)1(a)1(r)1(c)1(h)1( e)1(t)1(h)1(i)1(c)1(s)1( b)1(o)1(a)1(r)1(d)1(.)1( I)1(n)1( a)1(d)1(d)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(o)1(n)1(,)1( )-1(i)1(n)1(f)1(o)1(r)1(m)1(e)1(d)1( )-1(c)1(o)1(ns)1(e)1(n)1(t)1( )-1(w)11(a)1(s)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.003 Tw T* [(obtained )1(from )1(the )1(players )1(within )1(which )1(the)15(y agreed )1(to the )1(dissemination )1(of )1(some )]TJ 0.053 Tw T* [(of )1(the )1(information )1(collected )1(from )1(the )1(study )1(via )1(a )1(possible )1(journal )1(article, )1(on )1(the )]TJ -0.004 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(premise that anon)15(ymity and con\037dentiality of their responses w)10(ould be maintained.)-4( )]TJ -0.002 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(Fifteen players \(71%\) were from the British Isles and six \(29%\) were\ non-UK/Irish)-2( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.057 Tw T* [(nationals for whom English w)10(as not their \037rst language \(i.e., \037v)15(e were from within )]TJ -0.002 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(the European Union and one from )55(Africa\). )18(The sample comprised tw)10(o goalk)10(eepers,)-2( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.044 Tw T* [(se)25(v)15(en defenders, se)25(v)15(en mid\037elders and \037v)15(e forw)10(ards \(strik)10(ers\). )18(The mean time the )]TJ 0.034 Tw T* [(players had been at the club w)10(as 22.2 months \()]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tw (SD)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.034 Tw ( = 16.8\), with a range of 5\22659 )Tj -0.025 Tw T* [(months \(median 20 months\). Ov)15(erall, most players \(67%\) had been at the club for )]TJ 0 Tw T* (between 7 and 24 months.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.008 Tc 11 0 0 11 75 370.6662 Tm [(P)20(r)20(ogr)20(am Cont)15(e)15(xt and Deliv)20(er)-10(y)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc -0.002 Tw 10 0 0 10 75 353.6662 Tm [(Because the team had reached the latter stages of a high-le)25(v)15(el domestic cup com)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj -0.062 Tw T* [(petition, )1(it )1(w)10(as )1(considered )1(that )1(this )1(might )1(be )1(an )1(ideal )1(time )1(for )1(a )1(PDMS )1(interv)15(ention )]TJ 0.027 Tw T* (to aid cohesion and foster team spirit \(Dunn & Holt, 2004; Holt & Dunn,\ 2006\). )Tj 0.059 Tw T* (In addition, because the foreign players in the team tended to socialize\ together )Tj 0.001 Tw T* [(outside of the club due to language and cultural dif)25(ferences this \(according to the )]TJ 0.01 Tw T* [(manager)40(, coaches, and senior players\) created both cohesion and communication \ )]TJ -0.051 Tw T* [(issues for the team as a whole. Further)40(, other players were kno)25(wn to ha)20(v)15(e concerns )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.125 Tw T* [(about team selection and playing time, with the potential for con\036ict\ between)1( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.015 Tw T* [(long-serving team members and ne)25(w additions to the playing squad signed by the )]TJ 0.049 Tw T* [(current manager)55(. )18(Thus, the rationale for the interv)15(ention w)10(as to allo)25(w players to )]TJ 0.022 Tw T* [(understand the moti)25(v)15(es and backgrounds of their teammates through the mutual-)]TJ 0 Tw T* (sharing of personal information.)Tj 0.031 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(The )1(trainee )1(sport )1(psychologist )1(who )1(f)10(acilitated )1(the )1(PDMS )1(interv)15(ention w)10(as )1(a )]TJ -0.002 Tc -0.063 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(qual)1(i\037ed med)1(ical pr)1(actit)1(ioner an)1(d there)1(fore a)1(lso w)10(or)1(k)10(ed as)1( the tea)1(m ph)5(ysic)1(ian. )18(The)-2( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.066 Tw T* [(indi)25(vidual had been in)40(v)20(olv)15(ed as a team ph)5(ysician at v)25(arious professional soccer )]TJ 0.025 Tw T* [(clubs in the UK with a total of 16-years e)15(xperience. )18(The term sport psychologist )]TJ 0.045 Tw T* [(\(SP\) has been used in the te)15(xt, although this is used to aid readability and is not )]TJ -0.022 Tw T* [(meant to mislead readers. In sum, the lead researcher\222)55(s role at the club w)10(as that of )]TJ -0.032 Tw T* [(team ph)5(ysician and a sport psychology Masters student. )18(The current study formed )]TJ 0.071 Tw T* [(part of a supervised e)15(xperience application for British )55(Association of Sport and )]TJ -0.022 Tw T* [(Ex)15(ercise Sciences \(B)35(ASES\) accreditation in sport psychology)65(. )18(T)80(o this end, a fully )]TJ 0.058 Tw T* [(accredited and chartered indi)25(vidual w)10(as formally supervising the SP throughout )]TJ 0.057 Tw T* [(the study)65(. )18(The soccer club w)10(as also a)15(w)10(are of the status of the trainee before the )]TJ -0.016 Tw T* [(on-set of the study)65(. )18(The SP)111(, in their role as team ph)5(ysician, held clinics at the club )]TJ -0.029 Tw T* [(twice a week to see injured players, attended all home and a)15(w)10(ay matches, sat with )]TJ 0.021 Tw T* [(the coaching staf)25(f for prematch meals, w)10(as in the dressing room before and after )]TJ ET q 0 0 474 690 re W n /CS0 CS 0 SCN 1.25 w /GS1 gs q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q 1 SCN 0.25 w q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q Q endstream endobj 80 0 obj <>stream BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.722 Tw 8 0 0 8 75 621.4783 Tm (96)Tj /Span<>> BDC ( )Tj EMC /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tw [(Bar)-15(k)20(er and McC)25(ar)-40(th)30(y)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0.021 Tw 10 0 0 10 75 590.17 Tm [(v)15(ention before a major tournament with North )55(American male intercolle)15(giate ice )]TJ -0.047 Tw 0 -1.1 TD [(hock)10(e)15(y players \(Dunn & Holt, 2004\), and Canadian female soccer players \(Ho\ lt & )]TJ -0.063 Tw T* [(Dunn, 2006\). Qualitati)25(v)15(e analysis of data from these studies illustrated that players )]TJ -0.007 Tc T* [(e)15(xperienced apprehension before and emotional intensity during the PDMS s\ ession.)-7( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.007 Tw T* [(Ho)25(we)25(v)15(er)40(, )1(players\222 )1(percei)25(v)15(ed bene\037ts )1(included; )1(trust )1(in teammates, )1(understanding )]TJ -0.063 Tw T* [(o)1(f)1( o)1(n)1(e)1(s)1(e)1(l)1(f)1(,)1( u)1(n)1(d)1(e)1(r)1(s)1(t)1(a)1(n)1(d)1(i)1(n)1(g)1( o)1(f)1( t)1(e)1(a)1(m)1(m)1(a)1(t)1(e)1(s)1(,)1( e)16(x)1(p)1(e)1(r)1(i)1(e)1(n)1(c)1(i)1(n)1(g)1( e)1(n)1(h)1(a)1(n)1(c)1(e)1(d)1( c)1(l)1(o)1(s)1(e)1(n)1(e)1(s)1(s)1( t)1(o)1( t)1(e)1(a)1(m)1(-)]TJ -0.03 Tw T* [(members \(social cohesion\) and aspiring to \223play for each other\224.\ )18(T)80(o maximize the )]TJ 0.013 Tw T* (potential of PDMS with sports teams, Holt and Dunn \(2006\) presented a \ number )Tj -0.057 Tw T* (of recommendations for sport psychologists. First, PDMS should be used w\ ith and )Tj -0.02 Tw T* [(therefore most ef)25(fecti)25(v)15(e for a high-performance adult team who, due to their le)25(v)15(el )]TJ -0.047 Tw T* [(of in)40(v)15(estment in the team, are more lik)10(ely to eng)5(age with the process. Second, pre)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj -0.004 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(paratory w)10(ork should be undertak)10(en with the team to understand the sport, establish)-4( )]TJ -0.001 Tc T* [(rapport with players and become f)10(amiliar with team culture. Finally)65(, PDMS should)-1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.026 Tw T* [(be used before \223high stak)10(e\224 g)5(ame situations such as major competitions because )]TJ 0.095 Tw T* [(the importance of the g)5(ame to the participants \(and their heightened emotions\) )]TJ -0.041 Tw T* [(will enhance )1(their willingness )1(to disclose )1(and because )1(personal )1(disclosure in )1(these )]TJ -0.029 Tw T* [(situations may f)10(acilitate cohesion before the major e)25(v)15(ent \(see Dunn & Holt, 2004; )]TJ 0 Tw T* (Holt & Dunn, 2006\).)Tj 0.002 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(Despite e)25(vidence supporting PDMS in North )55(American male ice-hock)10(e)15(y and )]TJ 0.051 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(female soccer teams, less is kno)25(wn about the ef)25(fecti)25(v)15(eness of the technique in a )]TJ -0.003 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(UK professional sport conte)15(xt or whether PDMS of)25(fers an)15(y long-term maintenance)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.044 Tw T* [(ef)25(fects for sports teams \(Gardner & Moore, 2006; Martin, )50(V)111(ause, & Schw)10(artzman, )]TJ -0.011 Tw T* (2005\). Furthermore, issues underlying the social and cultural norms of \ each sport )Tj 0.048 Tw T* [(might bear the greatest ef)25(fect on PDMS and are therefore w)10(orth)5(y of e)15(xploration )]TJ 0.029 Tw T* [(\(Holt & Dunn, 2006\). )18(T)80(o illustrate, researchers ha)20(v)15(e recommended using PDMS )]TJ -0.034 Tw T* [(across dif)25(ferent sports, ability le)25(v)15(els, and cultures, to establish the generalizability )]TJ -0.005 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(of PDMS as an ef)25(fecti)25(v)15(e team interv)15(ention \(Dunn & Holt, 2004\). In a recent attempt)-5( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.006 Tw T* [(to address some of these issues, P)15(ain and Harw)10(ood \(2009\) used a mutual-sharing )]TJ -0.042 Tw T* [(interv)15(ention )1(with )1(18 British )1(uni)25(v)15(ersity )1(soccer )1(team )1(players. )19(The )1(interv)15(ention )1(com)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.064 Tw T* [(prised four consecuti)25(v)15(e weekly team meetings, focusing on the open discussion )]TJ 0.106 Tw T* [(of task-based themes relating to team functioning. F)15(ocus group data suggested )]TJ -0.01 Tw T* [(the interv)15(ention had led to impro)15(v)15(ements in perceptions of team functioning \(i.e., )]TJ 0.076 Tw T* [(cohesion, communication, trust, and con\037dence in teammates\), trainin\ g quality)65(, )]TJ -0.015 Tw T* [(self-understanding, player o)25(wnership, and team performance. In addition, players )]TJ -0.007 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(associated the meetings with honesty)65(, open team discussion, sharing of information,)-7( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.055 Tw T* [(and impro)15(v)15(ed communication. Despite the percei)25(v)15(ed ef)25(fecti)25(v)15(eness of the interv)15(en)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.045 Tw T* [(tion, it w)10(as suggested that future research should consider ho)25(w professional UK )]TJ 0 Tw T* (soccer players might react to personal disclosure and mutual-sharing.)Tj -0.028 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td (Therefore, in response to the recent calls from PDMS researchers \(e.g.,\ Dunn )Tj 0.112 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(& Holt, 2004; Holt & Dunn, 2006; P)15(ain & Harw)10(ood, 2009\), the current study )]TJ 0.114 Tw T* [(adds to the e)15(xtant literature by e)15(xploring the ef)25(fecti)25(v)15(eness and maintenance of )]TJ 0.074 Tw T* [(PDMS before a major competition \(i.e., match\) in the conte)15(xt of a professional )]TJ 0.016 Tw T* [(soccer team performing in a top di)25(vision within the UK. In-line with past PDMS )]TJ 0.035 Tw T* (research, this study also identi\037es the related applied issues of usi\ ng PDMS in a )Tj -0.055 Tw T* [(professional soccer setting, and contrib)20(utes to the professional practice kno)25(wledge )]TJ 0 Tw T* (base of PDMS in sport.)Tj ET q 0 0 474 690 re W n /CS0 CS 0 SCN 1.25 w /GS1 gs q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q 1 SCN 0.25 w q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q Q endstream endobj 79 0 obj <>stream BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 270.0248 621.4783 Tm [(PDMS in P)55(r)20(of)30(essional Soccer)]TJ /Span<>> BDC [( )-722( )]TJ EMC /T1_1 1 Tf 15.01 0 Td (95)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.004 Tw 10 0 0 10 75 590.17 Tm [(sport psychologists and team managers seek team-b)20(uilding techniques that ef)25(fec)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.001 Tw 0 -1.1 TD [(ti)25(v)15(ely and consistently produce changes in cohesion \(e.g., Crace & Hardy)65(, 1997\). )]TJ -0.058 Tw T* [(Suggested )1(team-b)20(uilding )1(interv)15(entions )1(include )1(de)25(v)15(eloping )1(shared )1(goals, )1(accepting )]TJ -0.005 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(indi)25(vidual dif)25(ferences, learning personal information, establishing a similar attitude\ )-5( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.063 Tw T* [(across team members, and promoting communication \(Carron, )1(1980; Eys et al., )]TJ 0.051 Tw T* [(2010; Martin, Carron, & Burk)10(e, 2009; Prapa)20(v)15(essis & Carron, 1997; Ryska, )90(Y)55(in, )]TJ 0.071 Tw T* [(Coole)15(y)65(, & Ginn, 1999; )18(T)45(urman, 2003\). Moreo)15(v)15(er)40(, team-b)20(uilding techniques are )]TJ -0.014 Tw T* [(percei)25(v)15(ed )1(by )1(man)15(y )1(managers )1(and )1(coaches )1(to )1(be )1(an inte)15(gral )1(part )1(of )1(a )1(team\222)55(s )1(de)25(v)15(el)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.04 Tw T* [(opment \(Bloom, Ste)25(v)15(ens, & )30(W)40(ickwire, 2003\). Despite the importance placed on )]TJ 0.009 Tw T* [(team-b)20(uilding strate)15(gies, there remains a lack of speci\037c e)25(vidence-based practice )]TJ -0.036 Tw T* [(supporting ef)25(fecti)25(v)15(e team interv)15(entions within the sport psychology literature \(see )]TJ 0.125 Tw T* [(P)15(ain & Harw)10(ood, 2009\). )18(T)70(echniques documented in the literature often f)10(ail to )]TJ 0.005 Tw T* [(e)15(xtend be)15(yond education, social acti)25(vities, and )1(e)25(v)15(ents \(Eys et al., 2010; Martin et )]TJ -0.006 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(al., 2009\). )18(T)80(o illustrate, observ)25(ational studies ha)20(v)15(e documented changes in cohesion)-6( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.029 Tw T* [(due to role clarity education \(i.e., ensuring the indi)25(vidual\222)55(s role within the group )]TJ 0.003 Tc 0.125 Tw T* [(is accepted and understood\) and team goal-setting e)15(x)15(ercises \(Holt & Spark)10(es,)3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.002 Tw T* [(2001; Senecal, Loughhead, & Bloom, 2008\). Communication e)15(x)15(ercises \(Dunn & )]TJ -0.023 Tw T* [(Holt, 2003\), coaching ef\037cac)15(y programs \(Harw)10(ood, 2008\), moti)25(v)25(ational speeches )]TJ 0.016 Tw T* [(\(Gilbourne & Richardson, 2006; )18(T)45(urman, 2003\), and outdoor pursuits \(Martin & )]TJ -0.004 Tw T* [(Da)20(vids, 1995; Raine)15(y & Schweick)10(ert, 1988\) ha)20(v)15(e also been associated with posi)]TJ 0 Tw (-)Tj T* [(ti)25(v)15(e changes in team cohesion.)]TJ 0.083 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(Recent research into ef)25(fecti)25(v)15(e team-b)20(uilding interv)15(entions has e)15(xplored the )]TJ -0.008 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(ef)25(fects of athletes publicly disclosing personal stories and information p\ re)25(viously )]TJ 0.093 Tw T* [(unkno)25(wn to the team members \(e.g., Dunn & Holt, 2004; Holt & Dunn, 2006; )]TJ -0.032 Tw T* [(P)15(ain & Harw)10(ood, 2009; )90(Y)111(uk)10(elson, 1997, 2010\). )18(This line of research has pro)15(vided )]TJ -0.006 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(applied sport psychologists with information on alternati)25(v)15(e team-b)20(uilding strate)15(gies)-6( )]TJ 0 Tc T* [(and has contrib)20(uted to the current e)25(vidence-base re)15(g)5(arding team interv)15(entions. )18(The )]TJ -0.006 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(personal )1(disclosure )1(mutual-sharing )1(\(PDMS\) )1(approach )1(fosters )1(a )1(greater )1(appreciation)-6( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw T* [(of team members\222 v)25(alues, beliefs, attitudes, and personal moti)25(v)15(es \(Hirsch, 1992\), )]TJ -0.009 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(which in turn f)10(acilitates shared perceptions, meanings, constructs and understanding)-9( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.06 Tw T* [(\(Ostrof)25(f, Kinicki, & )18(T)80(amkins, 2003\). Indeed, such f)10(acilitation in communication is )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(suggested to produce positi)25(v)15(e changes in team functioning \(Mohammed & Dum)]TJ (-)Tj -0.003 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(ville, )1(2001\) )1(because )1(communication )1(between )1(group )1(members )1(contrib)20(utes )1(to )1(athlete)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.001 Tw T* [(satisf)10(action \(Sulli)25(v)25(an & Gee, 2007\), impro)15(v)15(ed moti)25(v)25(ation, and collecti)25(v)15(e ef\037cac)15(y )]TJ -0.018 Tw T* (in sport teams \(Holt & Dunn, 2006\). Communication has also been identi\ \037ed as a )Tj 0.027 Tw T* [(k)10(e)15(y determinant of cohesion \(e.g., )30(W)40(illiams & )30(W)40(idme)15(yer)40(, 1991\). F)15(or e)15(xample, a )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(ne)15(g)5(ati)25(v)15(e style of handling disagreements \(e.g., using personal criticism\) has\ been )]TJ -0.009 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(in)40(v)15(ersely related to task cohesion, with a positi)25(v)15(e style \(e.g., open discussion\) related)-9( )]TJ -0.005 Tc T* [(to perceptions of high team social cohesion. )18(Therefore, teams with high perceptions)-5( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.052 Tw T* [(of social cohesion are more lik)10(ely to be constructi)25(v)15(e when handling disagreements )]TJ -0.063 Tw T* [(\()1(S)1(ul)1(l)1(i)26(v)25(a)1(n)1( &)1( F)1(e)1(l)1(t)1(z)1(, 2)1(0)1(0)1(1\))1(.)1( S)1(e)1(lf)1(-)1(d)1(i)1(sc)1(l)1(o)1(s)1(ur)1(e)1( a)1(n)1(d)1( m)1(u)1(t)1(ua)1(l)1( s)1(ha)1(r)1(i)1(n)1(g)1( h)1(a)21(v)16(e)1( b)1(e)1(e)1(n)1( fo)1(u)1(n)1(d)1( t)1(o)1( be )]TJ -0.003 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(ef)25(fecti)25(v)15(e )1(in )1(de)25(v)15(eloping )1(empath)5(y)65(, )1(f)10(acilitating )1(intragroup )1(communication, )1(and )1(aiding)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.031 Tw T* [(social cohesion in the conte)15(xt of self-help groups \(e.g., alcoholics anon)15(ymous and )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(berea)20(v)15(ement groups; Ribner)40(, 1974; Rime, 2007\).)]TJ 0.059 Tw 1.8 -1.1 Td [(Research e)15(xamining the ef\037cac)15(y and ef)25(fecti)25(v)15(eness of PDMS in sport teams )]TJ 0.016 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(is scant; ho)25(we)25(v)15(er)40(, data from tw)10(o studies support PDMS as a team-b)20(uilding inter)]TJ 0 Tw 32.067 0 Td (-)Tj ET q 0 0 474 690 re W n /CS0 CS 0 SCN 1.25 w /GS1 gs q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q 1 SCN 0.25 w q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q Q endstream endobj 78 0 obj <>stream BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 75 45.8624 Tm (94)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 75 596.9741 Tm (The Sport Psychologist, 2011, 25, 94-114)Tj 0 -1.214 TD (\251 2011 Human Kinetics, Inc.)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 75 101.986 cm 0 0 m 48 0 l S Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.001 Tc -0.063 Tw 8 0 0 8 75 88.736 Tm [(W)40(indsor and Bark)10(er are with the Centre for Sport, Health, and Ex)15(ercise Research, Staf)25(fordshire Uni)25(v)15(er)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 40.167 0 Td (-)Tj -0.016 Tw -40.167 -1.25 Td [(sity)65(, Stok)10(e-on-T)35(rent, UK. McCarth)5(y is with the Dept. of Psychology)65(, Glasgo)25(w Caledonian Uni)25(v)15(ersity)65(, )]TJ 0 Tw 0 -1.25 TD [(Glasgo)25(w)65(, Scotland, UK.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 16 0 0 16 103.833 537.5122 Tm [(Doing Spor)-20(t Ps)20(y)20(c)10(holog)20(y:)40( P)30(er)15(sonal-)]TJ 2.028 -1.125 Td [(Disc)20(losur)20(e Mut)25(ual-Shar)15(ing)]TJ ( )Tj 0.928 -1.125 Td [(in P)20(r)20(of)10(essional Soccer)]TJ 11 0 0 11 141.9274 470.5122 Tm [(Ph)20(yllis M.)40( )80(W)25(indsor and J)20(amie Bar)15(k)20(er)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 186.0453 456.5122 Tm [(St)10(af)40(f)30(or)20(dshir)20(e Univ)25(er)20(sit)-20(y)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 198.9623 431.5122 Tm [(P)30(aul McCar)-20(th)20(y)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 167.8606 417.5122 Tm [(Glasgo)15(w C)25(aledonian Univ)25(er)20(sit)-20(y)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -0.037 Tw 9 0 0 9 93 394.5122 Tm [(This study e)25(v)25(aluated the ef)25(fects of a personal-disclosure mutual-sharing \(PDMS\) )]TJ 0.024 Tw 0 -1.222 TD [(interv)15(ention on team cohesion and communication among 21 male professional )]TJ -0.004 Tc -0.063 Tw T* [(s)1(oc)1(ce)1(r pl)1(a)1(yer)1(s)1( f)1(ro)1(m a to)1(p di)25(v)1(is)1(io)1(n cl)1(ub)1( w)1(it)1(hi)1(n th)1(e Un)1(it)1(ed)1( K)1(in)1(gd)1(om)1( \()1(UK)1(\) be)1(f)1(or)1(e an)-4( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.038 Tw 0 -1.222 TD (important match in the latter stages of a domestic cup competition. Data\ from the )Tj -0.007 Tc -0.062 Tw 0 -1.222 TD [(Group )1(En)40(vironment )1(Questionnaire )1(\(GEQ\) )1(and )1(the )1(British )1(Scale )1(for )1(Ef)25(fecti)25(v)15(e )1(Com)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj -0.009 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(munication in )18(T)70(eam Sports \(BRSECTS\) sho)25(wed no statistically signi\037cant changes)-9( )]TJ 0 Tc -0.027 Tw T* [(in cohesion or positi)25(v)15(e and ne)15(g)5(ati)25(v)15(e communication from pre to postinterv)15(ention )]TJ 0.03 Tw 0 -1.222 TD [(\(i.e., pretest to posttest\); yet the team performed abo)15(v)15(e their e)15(xpectations in the )]TJ -0.046 Tw 0 -1.222 TD [(important match only to lose in a penalty shoot-out. Social v)25(alidation data further )]TJ T* [(re)25(v)15(ealed that most players felt the interv)15(ention w)10(as w)10(orthwhile and bene\037tted the )]TJ -0.003 Tw T* (team by enhancing closeness, understanding of teammates, and communicati\ on. )Tj 0.004 Tw T* [(W)80(e discuss strate)15(gies and guidance for sport psychologists considering a PDMS )]TJ -0.044 Tw 0 -1.222 TD [(interv)15(ention in the conte)15(xt of professional sport teams. Future research directions )]TJ 0.058 Tw 0 -1.222 TD [(considering the ef)25(fects of PDMS with other professional and youth UK sports, )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(collecti)25(v)15(e ef\037cac)15(y)65(, and social identity is outlined.)]TJ -0.007 Tw 10 0 0 10 93 220.5122 Tm [(Cohesion is considered an important f)10(acet of the performance and success of )]TJ 0.01 Tw -1.8 -1.1 Td [(sports teams \(Carron, Bray)65(, & Eys, 2002a, Carron, Colman, )30(Wheeler)40(, & Ste)25(v)15(ens, )]TJ -0.055 Tw 0 -1.1 TD [(2002b; Eys, Burk)10(e, Carron, & Dennis, 2010; Loughead & Hardy)65(, 2006\). Measures )]TJ -0.047 Tw T* [(of team success \(i.e., win-loss percentage\) display a moderate to lar)18(ge relationship )]TJ -0.039 Tw T* (with task cohesion \(i.e., uniting to reach a common goal\) and social c\ ohesion \(i.e., )Tj 0.054 Tw T* [(relationships )1(within the group\) )1(f)10(actors )1(of the )1(Group En)40(vironment Questionnaire )]TJ 0.118 Tw T* [(\(GEQ; Carron et al., 2002b; Carron, )30(W)40(idme)15(yer)40(, & Bra)15(wle)15(y)65(, 1985\). Successful )]TJ 0.035 Tw T* [(teams )1(typically report )1(a higher )1(perception of )1(task cohesion )1(and therefore )1(remain )]TJ -0.003 Tc -0.062 Tw T* [(united in their pursuit of common performance-related goals \(Carron )1(et al., 2002b\).)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.095 Tw T* (Because of the important association between cohesion and team performan\ ce, )Tj ET q 0 0 474 690 re W n /CS0 CS 0 SCN 1.25 w /GS1 gs q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q 1 SCN 0.25 w q 1 0 0 1 15 669 cm 0 0 m -15 0 l 444 0 m 459 0 l 0 -648 m -15 -648 l 444 -648 m 459 -648 l 6 6 m 6 21 l 6 -654 m 6 -669 l 438 6 m 438 21 l 438 -654 m 438 -669 l S Q Q endstream endobj 6 0 obj <> endobj 83 0 obj <> endobj xref 0 84 0000000000 65535 f 0000000016 00000 n 0000000129 00000 n 0000172747 00000 n 0000000000 00000 f 0000172713 00000 n 0000341750 00000 n 0000172818 00000 n 0000172911 00000 n 0000173004 00000 n 0000173097 00000 n 0000309391 00000 n 0000309743 00000 n 0000310095 00000 n 0000310447 00000 n 0000310811 00000 n 0000274503 00000 n 0000274867 00000 n 0000275243 00000 n 0000275607 00000 n 0000276006 00000 n 0000248526 00000 n 0000248889 00000 n 0000249264 00000 n 0000249627 00000 n 0000250014 00000 n 0000173198 00000 n 0000173551 00000 n 0000173904 00000 n 0000174268 00000 n 0000174633 00000 n 0000174998 00000 n 0000241793 00000 n 0000213115 00000 n 0000212891 00000 n 0000213002 00000 n 0000183665 00000 n 0000183074 00000 n 0000184209 00000 n 0000235519 00000 n 0000230610 00000 n 0000235407 00000 n 0000222037 00000 n 0000184965 00000 n 0000213228 00000 n 0000175363 00000 n 0000207609 00000 n 0000208081 00000 n 0000203413 00000 n 0000203822 00000 n 0000194225 00000 n 0000194313 00000 n 0000194929 00000 n 0000185509 00000 n 0000185593 00000 n 0000186136 00000 n 0000186750 00000 n 0000195598 00000 n 0000204317 00000 n 0000208648 00000 n 0000270361 00000 n 0000267229 00000 n 0000263288 00000 n 0000261082 00000 n 0000256756 00000 n 0000250378 00000 n 0000257196 00000 n 0000257593 00000 n 0000258073 00000 n 0000302947 00000 n 0000296554 00000 n 0000290383 00000 n 0000283362 00000 n 0000288485 00000 n 0000276382 00000 n 0000288771 00000 n 0000289060 00000 n 0000289388 00000 n 0000336926 00000 n 0000330414 00000 n 0000324399 00000 n 0000318438 00000 n 0000311187 00000 n 0000341780 00000 n trailer <<7ADE0A973E8B443CB0D97B0B780E3F26>]>> startxref 341956 %%EOF