邢唷��>� )+��&'(��欹�%` ��唷bjbj"x"x 焞@@姍U��:::::::4n轛轛轛hFW�:X4n]��zZ� ["B[B[B[\.K\_\軄迊迊迊迊迊迊$齼he��:d\\dd�::B[B[��媞媞媞d�:B[:B[軄媞d軄媞媞(t::PtB[nZ悳;l襱�轛譲�@t坸T -�0]�Ht�_n��PtPtp�:纓�k\(揯�媞`<Ya�k\k\k\��3qXk\k\k\]�ddddn��vd8贎n�v贎nnn::::::�� RUNNING HEAD: Self-criticism, rumination and suicidal ideation Personality and cognitive processes: Self-criticism and different types of rumination as predictors of suicidal ideation Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2008 46, 392-401 Rory C. O扖onnor Rosie Noyce Suicidal Behaviour Research Group 我要吃瓜 Corresponding Author: Dr Rory C O扖onnor, Suicidal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Psychology, 我要吃瓜, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK. T: 01786 467673; F: 01786 467641; E: HYPERLINK "mailto:ro2@stir.ac.uk" ro2@stir.ac.uk Abstract Self-criticism and rumination have been related to suicidality. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which different types of rumination (brooding and reflection) mediate the relationship between self-criticism and suicidal ideation. Two hundred and thirty two healthy adults completed a range of psychological inventories at Time 1 and were followed up approximately three months later (Time 2). Brooding was more strongly associated with suicidal ideation than reflection. Hierarchical regression analyses confirmed that among those who completed measures at both time points, brooding rumination fully mediated the self-criticism杢ime 2 suicidal ideation relationship. Reflection did not mediate the self-criticism杝uicidal ideation link. The findings support a growing corpus of research which highlights the utility of personality and cognitive factors in advancing our understanding of the suicidal process. The theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. KEY WORDS: suicidal; diathesis; mediation; psychopathology; prospective Research on personality and cognition has identified a number of factors implicated in the etiology and course of suicidality (see Brezo, Paris & Turecki, 2006; 2Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, CanadaEllis, 2006 for reviews). These factors include problem-solving deficits, memory and thinking biases, negative cognitive style, neuroticism, impulsivity and hopelessness (Williams & Pollock, 2002). A better understanding of how these factors relate to suicidality is crucial to the development of treatment interventions. More recently, however, self-criticism and rumination have received attention as predictors of suicidal risk (see O扖onnor, 2007; Morrison & O扖onnor, 2007a for reviews). The research linking trait self-criticism to suicidality has been grounded within the broader perfectionism杝uicidality literature wherein there is growing consensus that self-critical evaluative concerns perfectionism, a higher order factor, defined as 搊verly critical evaluation of one抯 own behaviour, an inability to derive satisfaction from successful performance and chronic concerns about others� criticism and performance� is a risk factor for suicidality (Dunkley, Blankstein, Masheb, & Grilo, 2006; see also Shafran, Cooper & Fairburn, 2003). Indeed, some have suggested that self-criticism, a key component of self-critical evaluative concerns perfectionism, defined as excessive self-evaluative concerns coupled with high standards and the need for recognition (Blatt, 1995, 1990) is the active ingredient in the perfectionism杁istress relationship. However, no research to date has investigated potential mechanisms which may link self-criticism to suicidal risk. Therefore, a central aim of the present study was to investigate one potential mechanism which may account for this relationship. The mechanism under consideration here was rumination, defined as 搕he extent to which individuals repeatedly focus on the causes, meanings, and consequences of their negative mood� (Miranda & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2007). In short, we aimed to investigate whether there is an indirect effect of self-criticism through rumination to suicidal ideation. Over the past 15 years, the evidence base concerning the role of rumination in psychopathology has grown considerably; it has been implicated in mood disorders, particularly depression (e.g., Nolen-Hoeksema, McBride, & Larson, 1997) but more recently in the prediction of suicidality (Miranda & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2007; O扖onnor, O扖onnor, Marshall, 2007; Smith, Alloy & Abramson, 2006). For example, Smith and colleagues (2006) reported that rumination, as assessed by the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) of the Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991), predicted the presence and duration of suicidal ideation over 2.5 years. It is not surprising that rumination is involved in the suicidal process given that it interferes with social problem-solving (e.g., Watkins & Baracaia, 2002) which in turn increases suicidal risk (e.g, Williams, Barnhofer, Crane, & Beck, 2005). Types of Rumination: Reflection and Brooding In an attempt to specify the active types of rumination, Treynor, Gonzalez & Nolen-Hoeksema (2003) performed secondary analyses of data from Nolen-Hoeksema, Larson & Grayson (1999) and identified two distinct aspects of rumination which explained the relationship between rumination and depression (separate from those items which were concerned with ruminating about the symptoms of depression). The first, reflection, is defined as 損urposeful turning inward to engage in cognitive problem-solving to alleviate one抯 depressive symptoms� (Treynor et al., 2003, p.256). Whereas the second factor, brooding, reflects 損assive comparison of one抯 current situation with some unachieved standard� (Treynor et al., 2003, p.256) or dwelling on the negative consequences of one抯 mood (Miranda & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2007). Although there is evidence for a differential relationship between brooding/reflection and depression (e.g., Fresco, Frankel, Mennin, Turk, & Heimberg, 2002; Treynor et al., 2003) to our knowledge only three studies have looked at brooding and/or reflection within the context of suicidality. The first, a case-control study (Crane, Barnhofer & Williams, 2007), compared three groups of participants with a history of depression (i.e., non-suicidal group versus suicidal ideator group versus suicidal attempter group) on their responses on the RRS. They reported that suicidal ideators and attempters reported reduced reflection compared to the non-suicidal group but they did not show increased brooding. In addition, the groups also differed in terms of the balance of the two factors. Suicidal attempters endorsed brooding more strongly than reflection whereas the non-suicidal group endorsed reflection more strongly than brooding. Second, in a short-term follow-up, O扖onnor et al. (2007, Study two) reported that brooding predicted suicidal ideation at two months, however this study did not measure reflection. Finally, Miranda and Nolen-Hoeksema (2007) examined brooding and reflection as predictors of suicidal ideation in a community sample at baseline and at 1 year follow-up. They found that brooding was more strongly correlated with degree of ideation at baseline than was reflection. However, both brooding and reflection predicted suicidal ideation at the 1 year follow-up after controlling for demographics and baseline ideation. The present study Integrating the findings of the three latter studies with those concerning self-criticism, in the present study, we explored the relationships between brooding, reflection, self-criticism and suicidal ideation in a sample of healthy participants at baseline and three months later (time 2). As the main aim of the present study was to test empirical hypotheses rather than to determine clinical outcome per se, we chose a relatively short follow-up period (i.e., 3 months) to minimize participant attrition between Time 1 and Time 2 (similar to Spirito et al., 2003; O扖onnor et al., 2007). In the light of the mixed findings, our principal research question was to determine the extent and direction of the relationship between reflection/brooding and time two suicidal ideation. However, consistent with Miranda and Nolen-Hoeksema (2007), we tentatively hypothesized that brooding would be more strongly related to suicidal ideation (at both time points) than reflection (hypothesis 1). In addition, as outlined earlier, we hypothesized that rumination would account for (mediate) the relationship between self-criticism and time 2 suicidal ideation independent of baseline suicidal ideation. Consistent with the hypothesis one, we posited that brooding would be a stronger mediator of the self-criticism杝uicidal ideation relationship than reflection (hypothesis 2). Method Participants and Procedure We recruited 232 healthy adults from a British university and via convenience sampling from the general population. There were 170 females and 62 males with an overall mean age of 25.98 years (SD=14.36). The men (M=29.9, SD=18.2) were significantly older than the women (M=24.5, SD=12.5), t(230)=2.57, p<.05. At Time 1, all participants completed a range of psychological measures, as outlined below. The order of presentation of these measures was counterbalanced. At Time 2, approximately 3 months later (M=11.4 weeks, SD=4.6), participants were contacted again and asked to complete the suicide ideation subscale of the Suicide Probability Scale (Cull & Gill, 1988). The Suicide Probability Scale was included as it is a recognized predictor of suicide risk (e.g., Larzelere, Smith, Batenhorst, & Kelly, 1996; Witte, Fitzpatrick, Joiner, Bradley, & Schmidt, 2005) and it has been shown to be sensitive to changes in suicidality (e.g., Rudd, Rajab, Orman, Stulman, Joiner, & Dixon, 1996). To maximize follow-up, we made concerted efforts to contact all participants via post, email and telephone. Baseline Measures Suicidal Ideation. Suicidal ideation was assessed using the suicidal ideation subscale of the Suicide Probability Scale (Suicidal ideation-T1; Cull & Gill, 1988). The subscale is comprised of 8 items pertaining to suicidal cognitions, negative affect, and presence of a suicide plan (e.g., 揑 think of suicide�). Respondents are asked to indicate how often they feel the statement applies to them from none or a little of time (1) to most or all of the time (4). The scale has good reliability and validity (Cull & Gill, 1988). Cronbach抯 (=.90. Depression. Depression was assessed via the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) which is a 20-item measure for use in the general population (Radloff, 1977). Participants are required to rate on a four point scale from rarely or none of the time (0) to most or all of the time (3) how often they have felt or behaved like each of the statements during the past week (e.g., 揑 felt depressed�). Higher scores represent elevated depressive symptomatology. The scale is reliable and valid (Radloff, 1991). Internal consistency was good ((=.93). Self-Criticism. Self-criticism was measured via the McGill Revised Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (Santor, Zuroff & Fielding, 1997). As the focus of the present study was on self-criticism (not dependency), only those items (n=30) which loaded on the self-criticism factor were included in the study (see Santor et al., 1997 for details). Respondents are asked to indicate the extent to which they agree/disagree with statements concerning personal characteristics and traits (e.g., 揑 tend to be very critical of myself�) from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (7). Internal consistency for the scale was very good ((=.82). Rumination. The Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) of the Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991) was employed to measure rumination. It consists of 22 items which record the extent to which individuals repeatedly focus on the causes, meanings, and consequences of their negative mood. A recent factor analysis (Treynor et al., 2003) has identified two separate subscales. The first, brooding, consists of five items that assess the extent to which individuals passively focus on the reasons for their distress (e.g., 揾ow often do you think about a recent situation, wishing it had gone better?�). Reflective pondering or reflection is the second scale which also consists of five items that assess the degree to which individuals engage in cognitive problem-solving to relieve their distress (e.g., 揌ow often do you analyze recent events to try to understand why you are depressed�). Respondents are asked to indicate how often they think or do each item from almost never (1) to almost always (4). Both subscales are reliable ((=.82 and .85 for brooding and reflection, respectively). Follow-up Measure Participants completed the suicide ideation subscale of the Suicide Probability Scale (Suicidal ideation-T2; ( =.87) at Time 2. Statistical Analyses First, we describe the sample (correlations, means and SDs) and then we present hierarchical regression analyses with those participants who completed measures at Time 1 and Time 2, to probe the key hypotheses. We adhered to Baron and Kenny (1986) and Kenny, Kashy, & Bolger抯 (1998) guidelines on testing for mediation. In addition, as age and sex differences exist in respect of affect and suicidality (O扖onnor & Sheehy, 2000), we controlled for their potential effects in the multivariate analyses. Results Of the initial sample, 66% (n=153) completed measures at both time points, at Time 1 (Time 1) and Time 2 (T2), approximately three months later. Our follow-up rate compares favorably to other studies in the field (e.g., Walker, Joiner & Rudd, 2001; Wingate, Van Orden, Joiner, Williams, & Rudd, 2005). There was no significant sex difference between those who did/did not complete Time 2, (2 (1)=.55, ns, but those who did not complete the T2 measures were significantly younger, t(230)=2.44, p<.05. With one exception (brooding), the groups did not differ significantly on the T1 variables (i.e., suicidal ideation, self-criticism, reflection; range: t(230)=.47 to 1.9, ns). Those who completed measures at Time 2 reported significantly lower levels of brooding compared with those who did not do so, t(230)=2.07, p<.05. Participants reported significantly lower levels of suicidal ideation at T2 (M=9.44, SD=2.63) compared with T1 (M=9.02, SD=2.11), t(152)=2.65, p<.01. [Insert Table 1 about here] Correlations and Hierarchical Regression Analyses As the focus of the study is on those who completed measures at both time points, all forthcoming analyses are circumscribed to these individuals (n=153). Zero-order correlations, means and standard deviations for the baseline and outcome variables are presented in Table 1. As expected, suicidal ideation (at T1 and T2) was positively correlated with self-criticism, brooding and reflection. Although brooding and reflection were both correlated with suicidal ideation, the association between brooding and time 2 suicidal ideation was stronger, r(153)=.511, p<.001, than that between reflection and time 2 suicidal ideation, r(153)=.368, p<.001, Zdiff(150)=2.39, p<.01. A similar trend was also evident for their relationships with time 1 suicidal ideation, albeit the difference failed to meet conventional significance, Zdiff(150)=1.41, p=.08; r(153)=.502, p<.001 and r(153)=.418, p<.001 for brooding and rumination respectively. Younger participants reported higher levels of suicidal ideation, reflection, brooding and self-criticism. [Insert Table 2 about here] Brooding and Reflection as Predictors of Time 2 Suicidal Ideation To further test hypothesis 1, we conducted a hierarchical regression analysis wherein we examined the relative influence of brooding and reflection in the prediction of suicidal ideation at time 2 whilst adjusting for age, sex and baseline suicidal ideation. As summarised in Table 2, we entered age, sex and baseline suicidal ideation at step 1, with reflection and brooding entered simultaneously at step 2. Adjusting for the step 1 variables, brooding, (=.239, t(152)=2.97, p<.01, but not reflection, (=-.019, t(152)=-.25, ns, independently predicted time 2 suicidal ideation. [Insert Table 3 about here] Testing Rumination as a Mediator of the Self-Criticism朣uicidal Ideation Relations Following the procedure outlined by Baron and Kenny (1986) and Kenny et al. (1998), to test for mediation, two hierarchical regressions were performed. In each analysis, brooding and reflection are considered simultaneously, thereby investigating their independent effects. According to Kenny et al. (1998), mediation (i.e., the mediator carries the influence of the IV to the DV) is demonstrated when the following conditions are met: (1) the independent variable (i.e., self-criticism) affects the mediator (i.e., brooding or reflection); (2) the independent variable affects the dependent variable (i.e., T2 suicidal ideation); (3) the mediator affects the dependent variable when the independent variable is controlled for and; (4) full mediation is confirmed when the association between the independent variable and dependent variable is reduced to non-significance after the effect of the mediator is controlled for. If conditions 1-3 are met partial mediation is indicated. We conducted a Sobel test to determine the significance of the indirect effect (see Preacher & Hayes, 2004) whilst controlling for covariates. To ensure a rigorous test of the self-criticism杛umination朤2 suicidal ideation relationship, we controlled for the effects of sex, age and baseline suicidal ideation in the first step of the hierarchical regression analysis, before investigating Kenny and colleagues� conditions for mediation. Next, self-criticism was entered as a predictor of time 2 suicidal ideation at step 2, in order to test condition 2, followed by brooding and reflection at step 3, to test conditions 3 and 4. The mediator (i.e., brooding or reflection) was also separately regressed onto self-criticism, in order to test condition 1. The outputs for steps 1�3 are presented in Table 3 whereas the mediator杙redictor regression findings are described below. As is evident in Table 3, after controlling for sex, age, and baseline suicidal ideation, self-criticism is a significant predictor of T2 suicidal ideation at step 2, (=.152, t(152)=2.26, p<.05, thereby confirming condition 2. At step 3, brooding is a significant predictor of T2 suicidal ideation, (=.216, t(152)=2.38, p<.05, and the relationship between self-criticism and T2 suicidal ideation is reduced to non-significance, (=.044, t(152)=.55, ns. In addition, self-criticism independently effects brooding, (=.405, t(152)=6.28, p<.001, therefore conditions 1-4 are met. A Sobel test confirmed a significant reduction in self-criticism's relationship with time 2 suicidal ideation, z=2.23, p<.05. It is also noteworthy that, not only does brooding act as a mediator but that brooding and self-criticism explain an additional 4% of variance in suicidal ideation (Cohen抯 f2 =.08) which represents a small-to-moderate effect size (Cohen, 1992). Finally, although reflection was correlated with suicidal ideation, it hasd no effect on suicidal ideation at time 2 independent of brooding and baseline suicidal ideation ((=-.023, t(152)=-.297, ns; see Table 3). In short, it did not mediate the self-criticism杝uicidal ideation relationship. Discussion The study yielded considerable evidence for the role of rumination and self-criticism in the prediction of suicidal ideation. Taking the hypotheses/research questions in turn. With respect to the principal research question, to determine the extent and direction of the relationship between reflection/brooding and time 2 suicidal ideation, the hierarchical regression analysis adjusting for baseline ideation, age and sex was unambiguous: brooding but not reflection independently predicted time 2 suicidal ideation, such that higher levels of brooding were associated with higher levels of ideation. There was also support for the first hypothesis, that brooding would be more strongly related to suicidal ideation than reflection. The correlational analyses revealed that the relationship between brooding and time 2 suicidal ideation was significantly stronger than the correlation between reflection and time 2 ideation. A similar, albeit non-significant, trend was also evident with respect to these relationships with time 1 ideation. Besides, the findings from the regression analyses further highlighted the dominant brooding杝uicidal ideation relationship compared with the same reflection relationship. Finally, the present results also supported the second hypothesis. Not only is brooding a stronger mediator of the self-criticism杢ime 2 suicidal ideation relationship but our data suggest that brooding fully mediates this pathway with reflection not accounting at all for the indirect effect of self-criticism on suicidal ideation. This establishes rumination as one possible mechanism to account for the relationship between self-criticism and suicidality. The present findings extend the previous research in a number of key respects. Consistent with Miranda and Nolen-Hoeksema (2007) and O扖onnor et al. (2007), we have yielded evidence to further highlight the deleterious effect of brooding in the prediction of suicidal ideation. What is more, we have addressed one of the limitations identified by Miranda and Nolen-Hoeksema (2007) in their study. Whereas they employed a categorical measure of suicidal ideation (i.e., presence or absence of suicidal ideation in the previous month), we employed a continuous measure thereby affording the opportunity to look at suicidal ideation as a dimensional construct. Furthermore, we also believe that our findings are not inconsistent with Miranda and Nolen-Hoeksema抯 conclusion that both brooding and reflection are predictive of suicidal ideation. The fact that the present study only yielded correlational evidence of a relationship between reflection and suicidal ideation may suggest that reflection has a markedly weaker effect size than that of brooding. In support of this viewpoint, it is important to highlight that Miranda and Nolen-Hoeksema抯 study consisted of more than 1100 participants thereby facilitating the identification of relatively small statistical effects. Contrary to Crane et al.抯 (2007) study, we found no evidence for the protective effects of reflection. There are a number of possible explanations for this null finding. First, in the former study, the protective effects of reflection were largely accounted for by the difference between the non-suicidal group and the suicide attempters. As the present study was circumscribed to suicide ideators and was not a case-control study, direct comparison is limited 朼nd the divergent findings may be an artefact of the sample composition. Moreover, our study and that of Miranda and Nolen-Hoeksema抯 was concerned with concurrent and prospective suicidal ideation. Conversely, Crane et al.抯 study focused on history of suicidal ideation and behaviour, perhaps the relationship between rumination and suicidality differs as a function of suicidal status. It may also be that the cognitive problem-solving which characterises reflection is more pertinent in suicidal attempters than ideators. Although Crane and colleagues� study reported no difference in brooding between their three groups, visual inspection of the mean scores suggests a slight trend in the predicted direction� the relatively large SDs in two of the groups may explain the absence of a significant difference. The present findings emphasize the importance of identifying personality factors to better understand the course of suicidality. In short, our data suggest that brooding may, in part, account for the relationship between self-criticism and suicidal ideation. Given that brooding is characterised by self-critical pondering the strength of its relationship with trait self-criticism is, perhaps, not surprising. It is worth noting, however, that as our study was a prospective, correlational design, future research ought to attempt to experimentally manipulate self-criticism to determine whether there is an associated change in brooding. If so, the potential for suicide prevention is considerable. Nonetheless, the current data reinforce the view that certain personality factors and cognitive processes increase one抯 vulnerability to suicidal ideation. The findings are consistent with the Cry of Pain model of suicidal behaviour (Williams, 2001; O扖onnor, 2003) which argues that the conjoint effects of stressors which result in feelings of defeat from which there is no apparent escape (i.e., entrapment) are especially potent in the etiology of suicidal behaviour. To this end, our findings suggest that self-criticism and brooding may act to elevate suicide risk by increasing the likelihood that one appraises a stressful situation as resulting in defeat (via high levels of self-criticism) and that this situation is inescapable (i.e., a state of entrapment; via high levels of brooding). The brooding effect is also noteworthy as it fully mediated the self-criticism朤2 suicidal ideation relationship, translating into a small-to-moderate effect size (Cohen, 1992). Indeed, following a recent critique of behavioural medicine research, Rutledge and Loh (2004) highlighted the considerable, clinical implications of small statistical effects (e.g., of aspirin). In addition, the mediation effect is worth highlighting as brooding predicts suicidal thinking three months following baseline while controlling for initial suicidal ideation, age and sex. Implications and Limitations There are also a number of clinical implications from this research. First, our data point to a specific cognitive-behavioural pathway (i.e., self-criticism朾rooding杝uicidal behaviour) on which a treatment intervention could be developed. Second, given that brooding accounted for all of the indirect influence of self-criticism on suicidal ideation, resources should be particularly focussed on brooding. Therefore, if, as is likely, it is more difficult to modify trait self-criticism, interventions which target brooding should neutralise, in part, the negative effects of self-criticism thereby reducing suicide risk. Although the present study had a number of strengths, two potential limitations require comment. First, those who completed the measures at time 2 reported significantly lower levels of brooding compared to those who did not. Rather than being a limitation, we would argue that this adds to the brooding effect, as one may posit that if all participants had completed measures at time 2 the relationship between brooding and suicidal ideation would have been stronger. Second, although we examined suicidal ideation, it is not clear whether these findings would generalise to suicide attempters or to a clinical sample. Moreover, despite employing a prospective study design, we were unable to disentangle the causal relations between variables. Therefore, future research could usefully address this by conducting experimental studies to determine whether, for example, the experimental enhancement of brooding leads to decreased suicidality over time. It would also be useful to determine the extent to which other personality and cognitive factors are implicated in the etiology of suicidality. Given the equivocal findings for reflection in the literature, we would urge further research across different timeframes and population to tease out the extent to which it is adaptive/maldaptive and under which conditions it has its effect. Although we focused on the three months follow-up, it would be clinically and empirically useful to extend the follow-up period. For example, does brooding mediate the relationship between self-criticism and suicidal ideation over the longer term; does it predict repetitive self-harm? Conclusion This is the first study to demonstrate that brooding mediates the self-criticism杝uicidal ideation relationship. Brooding was more strongly related to suicidal ideation than reflection. The findings point to a potential cognitive-behavioural pathway which ought to be targeted in the development of treatment interventions. Prevention efforts to tackle suicidality would benefit from a better understanding of how personality factors and cognitive processes relate to one another as well as to suicidal ideation and behaviour. References Baron, R.A., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. Blatt, S.J. (1995). The destructiveness of perfectionism: Implications for the treatment of depression. American Psychologist, 50, 1003-1020. Blatt, S.J. (1990). Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition: Two personality configurations and their implication for psychopathology and psychotherapy. In J.L. Singer (Ed.)., Repression and dissociation: Implications for personality theory, psychopathology and health (pp.299-335). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Brezo, J.; Paris, J.; Turecki, G. (2006). Personality traits as correlates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide completions: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113, 180-206 Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 103-116. Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., & Williams, J.M.G. (2007). Reflection, brooding and suicidality: A preliminary study of different types of rumination in individuals with a history of major depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, in press. Cull, J.G., & Gill, W.S. (1988). Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. Dunkley, D.M., Blankstein, K.R., Masheb, R.M., & Grilo, C.M. (2006). Personal standards and evaluative concerns dimensions of 揷linical� perfectionism: A reply to Shafran et al. (2002, 2003) and Hewitt et al. (2003). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 63-84 Ellis, T.E. (2006). Cognition and Suicide: Theory, Research and Therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Fresco, D.M., Frankel, A.N., Mennin, D.S., Turk, C.L., & Heimberg, R.G. (2002). Distinct and overlapping features of rumination and worry: The relationship of cognitive production to negative affective states. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 179-188. Kenny, D.A., Kashy, D.A., & Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. In D.T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology. McGraw-Hill Companies. Boston: Massachusetts. Larzelere, R.E., Smith, G.L., Batenhorst, L.M., & Kelly, D.B. (1996). Predictive validity of the suicide probability scale among adolescents in group home treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 166-172. Miranda, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2007). Brooding and reflection: Rumination predicts suicidal ideation at 1 year follow-up in a community sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, in press. Morrison, R., & O扖onnor, R.C. (2007). Rumination and Suicidality: A systematic review. Submitted. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999). Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1061-1072. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., McBride, A., & Larson, J. (1997). Rumination and psychological distress among bereaved parents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 105-121. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115-121. O'Connor, R.C.� (in press).� The relations between perfectionism and suicidality:� A systematic review.� Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour. O扖onnor, R.C. (2003). Suicidal behaviour as a cry of pain: Test of a psychological model. Archives of Suicide Research, 7, 297-308. O扖onnor, R.C., & Cassidy, C.� (2007).燩redicting hopelessness: The interaction between optimism/pessimism and specific future expectancies.� Cognition and Emotion, 21, 596-613 O'Connor, D.B. , O'Connor, R.C., Marshall, R. (2007).� Perfectionism and Psychological Distress: Evidence of the mediating effects of rumination.� European Journal of Personality, 21, 429-452. O'Connor, R.C., Whyte, M.C., Fraser, L., Masterton, G., Miles, J., & MacHale, S. (2007).� Predicting short-term outcome in well-being following suicidal behaviour: The conjoint effects of social perfectionism and positive future thinking.� Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1543-1555. O扖onnor, R., Sheehy, N. (2000). Understanding Suicidal Behaviour. BPS Blackwell: Oxford. Preacher, K.J., & Hayes, A.F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediational models. Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 36, 717-731. Rudd, M.D., Rajab, M.H., Orman, D.T., Stulman, D.A., Joiner, T., & Dixon, W. (1996). Effectiveness of an outpatient intervention targeting suicidal young adults: Preliminary results. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 179-190. Rutledge, T., & Loh, C. (2004). Effect sizes and statistical testing in the determination of clinical significance in behavioural medicine research. Annals of Behavioural Medicine, 27, 138-145. Santor, D.A., Zuroff, D.C., & Fielding, A. (1997). Analysis and revision of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire: Examining scale performance as a function of scale length. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69, 145-163. HYPERLINK "http://europa.sim.ucm.es/compludoc/AA?a=Shafran%2c+R&donde=otras&zfr=0" \o "Art韈ulos escritos por el autor Shafran, R" Shafran, R., HYPERLINK "http://europa.sim.ucm.es/compludoc/AA?a=Cooper%2c+Z&donde=otras&zfr=0" \o "Art韈ulos escritos por el autor Cooper, Z" Cooper, Z., & HYPERLINK "http://europa.sim.ucm.es/compludoc/AA?a=Fairburn%2c+C+G&donde=otras&zfr=0" \o "Art韈ulos escritos por el autor Fairburn, C G" Fairburn, C G. (2003). Clinical perfectionism" is not "multidimensional perfectionism": A reply to Hewitt, Flett, Besser, Sherry & McGee Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1217-1220 Smith, J.M., Alloy, L.B., & Abramson, L.Y. (2006). Cognitive vulnerability to depression, rumination, hopelessness and suicidal ideation: Multiple pathways to self-injurious thinking. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour, 36, 443-454. Spirito, A., Valeri, S., Boergers, J., & Donaldson, D. (2003). Predictors of suicidal behaviour in adolescents following a suicide attempt. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 284-289. Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometic analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 247-259. Williams, J.M.G., & Pollock, L.R. (2002). Psychological aspects of the suicidal process. In Kees van Heeringen, (2002). Understanding suicidal behaviour. Chichester: Wiley. Walker, R.L., Joiner, T.E., Rudd, M.D. (2001). The course of post-crisis suicidal symptoms: how and from whom is suicide 慶athartic�? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour, 31, 144-152. Watkins, E., & Baracaia, S. (2002). Rumination and social problem-solving in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1179-1189. Williams, J.M.G. (2001). Suicide and Attempted Suicide. London, UK: Penguin. Williams, J.M.G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., & Beck, A.T. (2005). Problem-solving deteriorates following mood challenge in formerly depressed patients with a history of suicidal ideation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 421-431. HYPERLINK "http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Wingate+LR&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1" \o "one-click search" Wingate, L.R., HYPERLINK "http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Van+Orden+KA&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1" \o "one-click search" Van Orden, K.A., HYPERLINK "http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Joiner+TE&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1" \o "one-click search" Joiner, T.E., HYPERLINK "http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Williams+FM&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1" \o "one-click search" Williams, F.M., & HYPERLINK "http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Rudd+MD&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1" \o "one-click search" Rudd, M.D. (2005). Comparison of compensation and capitalization models when treating suicidality in young adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 756-762. Witte, T.K., Fitzpatrick, K.K., Joiner, T.E., & Bradley Schmidt, N. (2005). Variability in suicide ideation: A better predictor of suicide attempts than intensity or duration of ideation? Journal of Affective Disorders, 88, 131-136. Table 1 Correlations, Means and SDs for All The Study Variables for Those Who Completed Measures at T1 and T2 AgeSuicidal-T1Suicidal-T2Depression-T1ReflectionBroodingSelf-criticismAge-Suicidal-T1-.184*-Suicidal-T2-166*.681***-Depression-T1-.188*.597***.509***-Reflection-.208**.418***.368***.578***-Brooding-.236**.502***.511***.720***.638***-Self-criticism-.174*.453***.425***.631***.499***.664***-Mean (SD)27.43 (15.81)9.44 (2.63)9.02 (2.11)12.41 (10.55)8.73 (3.61)9.32 (3.34)111.71 (20.52)Note. *p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001. Suicidal-T1=suicidal ideation at Time 1, Suicidal-T2=suicidal ideation at Time 2, Depression-T1=depression at Time 1 Table 2 Hierarchical Regression Analysis Predicting Time 2 Suicidal Ideation from Brooding and Reflection, Adjusting for Age, Sex and Baseline Depression and Suicidal Ideation StepVariable( at stepP-value for ( at step( R2 for stepTotal R2Step 1Age-.042.488Sex-.064.287Suicidal-T1.616***.001Depression-T1.143.051.513***.513*** Step 2 Age -.016 .788Sex-.069.237Suicidal-T1.587***.001Depression-T1-.033.714Reflection.033.666Brooding.250**.005.033**.546*** Note. *p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001. Suicidal-T1=suicidal ideation at Time 1 Table 3 Hierarchical Regression Analysis Testing the Mediating Effects of Brooding and Reflection on the Relationship between Self-criticism and Time 2 Suicidal Ideation StepVariable( at stepP-value for ( at step( R2 for stepTotal R2Step 1Age-.042.488Sex-.064.287Suicidal-T1.616***.001Depression-T1.143.051.513***.513*** Step 2 Age -.037 .536Sex-.077.198Suicidal-T1.597***.001Depression-T1.059.479Self-criticism.156*.038.014*.527*** Step 3 Age -.017 .778Sex-.075.203Suicidal-T1.582***.001Depression-T1-.053.565Self-criticism.077.335Reflection.029.706Brooding.219*.021.022*.549***Note. *p<.05, ***p<.001. Suicidal-T1=suicidal ideation at Time 1 PAGE PAGE 2 Self-criticism, rumination and suicidal ideation *@C}�� / G ) * + 9 : ; = > ? H I W \ f k q � � � � � � � � � � +D^f麴扈痄昭狰禅网团秃奴磐熿煟洠棑鋼ｌ搹摚欤搵h-l�h襭�h�7 h�h﨧fh�4:hE7$h馮$h~ khUn0JOJQJ^J�jhUnUjhUnUhUnhH/hH/hH/hH/hH/6�h猻6h_zgh賩(hmH�hkh�Nhvx�6ABCi�� / F G ; < > ? I ,-��剺�d�^剺龷dUnd�gdUn$d�@&a$gd鄁� $d�a$gd�N $d�a$gd猻6 d�@&gd鄁�d�gd�N姟摺f��8hs€�� * D � +vx��Wb��/5酎瘘禳禳潼溧汆俾àㄠ牅様槣悳▽▓h+�h9�h鄁�hK\�h��hmp2hUEih峱,h��*h�7 h�7 0J6�<丅*]乵H phsH -h�7 h�7 0J6�<丅*H*]乵H phsH h�7 h�7 h�:YhUnh襭�hHh猻6h�%h-l�hE7$4-vwG��# $\&m)t)�)�-�-0V2�4;9��$剺�刪d�^剺㤘刪a$gd�'剺�d�^剺龷d�'剺�刪d�^剺㤘刪gd�'剺�d�^剺龷d,F�剺�刪d�^剺㤘刪gd峱,剺�d�^剺龷d�:Y剺�d�^剺龷dUn56FG\b�nw�Cor��_e��+.Op��y��)AXx��>b€��豇瘌禅桫祓戕阙熠熘亿鹞痿吸署属属属鹗羰启戮吗潞艉坪贫识坡呼启呼镀吼h6~�h��h怶hh箉$h9�hUEih�:YhiT�h鄁�hA{| hK\�\� hH\�hK\�hmp2hHh峱,h+�h,F�F�� 1l{��=>ASg��k�� HMNO� j � �!�!�!�!�!"%"I"R"�"�"#]#�#�#�# $$$箅溧茗茇载朽胸刑忍刃脑睦睦阅兰讣雀脆丛带锤愿锤脆霸傍艾が�hQthh�7 h�'6�h�'hhIoh";�h験�hW7�h_h�0hc htGjhHh怶hh箉$hD2�h,F�hD2�hD2�hD2�6� h,F�6�h,F�hau�?$*$0$7$>$c$}$"%+%.%:&W&\&]&l&p&~&�&'W'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�(�(�(�()+)K)h)m)s)t)�)�)�)�)�)***!*(*I*Q*S*X*Y*]*e*u*w*�*�*�*�*�*�*�*祓桎栲梏桫桫茗椟麴桊莛桊仞叙倘娜兰睦壤材饶滥溃h恾�6乚�hlCh鮘�h�&�h恾�6乚�h�.5h恾�h饁h��h膎hx*�hZ�6�hZ�hHhK\�h�0hen/hcgh�'h蔨hQthh璮g@�*�*�*�*�*�*#+'+g+}++�+�+�+�+�+�+�+�,�,B-D-l-r-s-�-�-�-�-./)/-/0/O/�/00000$0L2M2V2d2耜驸挹洲谙粟纤勤磊估诓诋袭В煟洰洠懬．妴|唘h膎6乚� ja�h賬�6乚�h賬�h賬�6乚� ja�h�86乚�hFh,F�h�8h�86乚�h�'h��h蚐�h蚐�5乗�hRx�h蚐�h翽:h饁h蚐�6乚�hK\�h蚐�h膎hHhB�h饁6乚�h恾�6乚�h恾�hlC-d2g2�2-323t3}3�3:4;4J4j4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�46�7+8n8�8�899:9;9L9M9�9�9�9�9�9�9�9�9*:Q:�;�;�;�;�;�;雉雉雉镪尻镪镗子先良峰逢翻━蠟蠚悓毾倿蠚~殞毾毾h�fhR h�86乚�he1� ja�h�86乚�h�8h�86乚�h鈒�hUn ja�h鈒�6乚� h鈒�]� hR�]�hR�6乚�h膎6乚�h�'hHhDO� ja�hDO�6乚� hH]� hF]� hDO�]� h翽:]�h翽:6乚�1;9M9�9�9�;�;�?�?@D6DxD罠軫0G欿{N3RYSdS��$剺�刪d�^剺㤘刪a$gd�'剺�刪d�^剺㤘刪gd{68剺�d�^剺龷d瑉\$剺�d�^剺龵$gd�'剺�刪d�^剺㤘刪gd�'剺�d�^剺龷d�'�;�;<�<�<�<�E<�g<�===;=k=l=m=n=s=u=w=y=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=>>">$>'>N>V>i>r>s>t>w>z>|>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�> ? ????j?瘘禅遽葆铀尼灬坚犰犰狲撵犰蔌兵犰犰犰岘燧鞚鞚蔌hB�hB�6�h@b8hU �]�h轍Ph,F�hU �6乚�h鏴�h鏴�6�h鏴�6乚�h鏴�6丠*]� jc�h鏴�6乚�h�fh鏴�h��hU �hB�hU �hU �6�hU �he1�C麴麴殄疝谥谖谑率迨局竞恫丢丢丢丢丢丢恫恫翰恫稌h�>�h�>�6� h�fH*h�fh�fH*h�fh�f6�h�>�h�fh,F�h�h�.h1&�6�h1&�h1&�h1&�6�h駓ih�'hU �6乚�h4Uh4U6乚�hU �h9h~hB�hI:>C?CCCHCOCPCVC婥狢瑿DD5D6DxD{D僁E7E!FBFCFJFKFWFXF^FpFrFsF{F|F團奆孎罠軫錐颋GGG%G/G0G嘒黠赕麈怄廪谥谖势势事赋┏煶事赋┏暢事崍崈垗{僾 hx*�]�hQ�hUQ6� h�'6� h�6�hQ�hx*�6�h{68h{686乚�h� h{686乚�h�0h{686乚� h{68]� jb�h{686乚�h{68h,F�h瑉\h瑉\h瑉\6�hx*�h�'h�h�fh�>� h�>�H*h�fh�>�H*h�fh�>�6�-嘒烥蒅DHpH疕鯤IIMI驤K(K楰欿訩L%L&L.L璍縇荓誏諰鯨BMDMYM朚琈組進N2NzN{N揘甆鉔鏝OO O"O#O(O*O+O5O7O8Oh+�6�h*}>hU �6�h*}>hU �h��h*}>hCT�6�h*}>hCT�h*�hcgh*�hcghCT�hcghcg#Q�[�\�_�`�鈱銓鞂韺驅髮}�~�媿實�*�6�饚 ��&�'�祻鞆鴱鶑2�D�d�啇拹搻鲪鷲��/�C�D�槕虘閼豚汆汆豚汆汆豚傺偻爬磐几案缉枮紥帓巻幖倇qhkhU �6乚�hkhU �hU �h�:Yh�:Y6�h�:YhUEih怶hh怶h6�h怶hh怶hh怶hh��h怶hhkhk6�hkh�� hK\�6�h峱,h峱,6�h峱,hK\�hK\�6�hK\�hK\�jhK\�hK\�U(hK\�hK\�0J>*B*OJQJ^Jph�+藡6�'�鶑搻D��彃輶蕮P�?�@�A�I�瘷皺礄��$d�$Ifa$gd��l�3d�$Ifgd��l�3@&gd鄁�gd�od�gd?m�剺�d�`剺龷d��閼驊魬��^�€�帓彃⿸菕覓輶殦綋蓳蕮藫�€�仈崝帞憯挃H�I�J�X�Y�\�]��!�"�讝貣贃鏂桎嘭噤蕴凿蕴凿梁椓毫簤翖梁梁{翖梁梁m翖�j�hU �hU �U�j hU �hU �U�jdhU �hU �U(hU �hU �0J>*B*OJQJ^Jph��j�hU �hU �UhU �hU �jhU �hU �Uh鋑�h鋑�6�h鋑�hau�hau�6�hau�h��hkhU �hkhU �6乚�hK\�6乚�*鏂鐤鞏頄灄煑牀獥�B�O�P��/�>�?�@�A�I�瘷I�N�O�W��儧啗嚊垱悰憶殯洓蹧鬀��繇繇唪属砝砑但导В煑搹搹搩xp僷僷僷h`xh賬�CJaJh~=NCJaJh駓iCJaJhO5Uh駓iCJaJhO5Uh駓i6丆JaJh賬�hB)bh駓ih駓i6�h駓ih�Nh%l3hU �h臝E6乚�hU �h臝Eh��hU �hU �6乚�(hU �hU �0J>*B*OJQJ^Jph��jWhU �hU �UhU �hU �jhU �hU �U%礄罊虣跈鍣顧龣䴔��idXd�$Ifgd��Ff� $d�$Ifa$gd��l��$d�$Ifa$gd��l��$d�$Ifa$gd��l��$d�$Ifa$gd��l�k$d�$Ifa$gd��l�k$d�$Ifa$gd��l�k�� !�"�#�$�%�&�2�8�@�B�C�D�E�F��Ff�d�$Ifgd� eFf?$d�$Ifa$gd��F�G�U�\�d�l�n�o�p�q�r�}�厷崥暁潥煔牃珰硽粴脷藲��Ff'Ffm$d�$Ifa$gd��d�$Ifgd� eFf�藲託諝謿讱鏆須鯕龤� ��#�)�1��$dh$Ifa$gd~=Nl��dh$Ifgd~=Nl��Ff�d�$Ifgd� eFf�$d�$Ifa$gd��1�6�=�B�I�O�W�\�c�h�o�v�~��ii$dh$Ifa$gd~=Nl�$dh$Ifa$gd~=Nl�$dh$Ifa$gd~=Nl�$dh$Ifa$gd~=Nl�$dh$Ifa$gd~=Nl�$dh$Ifa$gd~=Nl�~��#�藴虦褱跍轀鍦魷鼫��$Ifgd=H l�G$Ifgd=H l��$Ifgdb/-l�G$Ifgdb/-l�G$Ifgdb/-l�Ggd{68d�gd�Ngd駓iFfY ��#�&�'�獪箿蕼藴虦袦褱贉跍蹨轀錅鍦駵驕魷麥鼫郎��綮珈忪蒴帐帐巩幑俿俥Y諚諅e收h閛,h=H CJH*aJh閛,h=H 6丆JH*aJ jD�h閛,h=H 6丆JaJh閛,h=H 6丆JaJh=H 6丆JaJh閛,h=H CJaJh閛,h=H CJ]乤Jh=H 6丆J]乤J jb�h閛,h=H 6丆J]乤Jh.ph=H CJaJh=H CJaJ h�N6� h=H 6� h{686�h{68h{686�h{68h0*h駓i"鼫��$Ifgdb/-l��$Ifgdb/-l��kd�!$$If杔�謭�G�� +KK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��!�'�,�-�.�� $Ifgdb/-��&�'�+�/�3�4�9�:�>�B�N�O�V�W�\�_�垵墲悵憹灊煗獫瓭疂碀礉笣綕葷蓾袧褲諠跐驖鳚�� +�,�3�5�6�:�=�>�?�G�H�Q�R�仦倿彏悶脼闉蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹴蹰菀瘦示瘦书憾 h�:�6�h�oh�o6�h�oh{68h穣�h穣�6丆JaJh穣�CJaJhO5Uh穣�CJaJhO5Uh穣�6丆JaJh穣�h=H CJaJh.ph=H CJaJB.�/��kd?"$$If杔�謭�G�� +KK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��/�0�4�:�?�@�A�� $Ifgdb/-A�B��kd�"$$If杔�謭�G�� +KK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��B�C�O�W�\�]�^�� $Ifgdb/-^�_��kd�#$$If杔�謭�G�� +KK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��_�`�n�s�x�€�垵�� $Ifgdb/-垵墲�kdH$$$If杔�謭�G�� +KK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��墲姖憹挐摑棟槤櫇煗牆�� $Ifgdb/- �kd�$$$If杔�攆謭�G�� +KK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��獫疂礉節簼粷�� $Ifgdb/-粷紳�kd�%$$If杔�謭�G�� +KK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��紳綕蓾褲譂诐貪�� $Ifgdb/-貪贊�kdG&$$If杔�謭�G�� +KK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��贊跐铦顫鬂魸鯘�� $Ifgdb/-鯘鰸�kd�&$$If杔�謭�G�� +KK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��鰸鳚�� $Ifgdb/-��kd�'$$If杔�謭�G�� +��K��K�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<�� %�,�4��$Ifgdb/-l�$Ifgdb/-l�$Ifgdb/-l�$Ifgdb/-l�$Ifgdb/-l�$Ifgdb/-l�4�5�6�@&gd鄁��kdP($$If杔�謭�G�� +��K��K�� t��0€�€��6��€€€€€€��4�4� la�p�<��6�倿優劄厼嚍垶悶2�3�8�A�D�L�[�c��$Ifgd慳�l�G$Ifgd慳�l��$Ifgd鮘�l�G$Ifgd璘l�G$Ifgd璘l�Ggd�o@&gd鄁�gd穣�闉隇��0�1�2�3�7�8�@�A�B�D�K�L�X�Y�[�b�c�d�f�g�孓愚勇帆牀唟ocTcFh閛,h=H 6丆JH*aJ jD�h閛,h=H 6丆JaJh閛,h=H 6丆JaJh閛,h慳�CJ]乤Jh慳�6丆J]乤J jb�h閛,h慳�6丆J]乤Jh慳�6丆JaJh閛,h=H CJaJh閛,h=H CJ]乤Jh=H 6丆J]乤J jb�h閛,h=H 6丆J]乤Jh.ph=H CJaJh=H CJaJh�oh{68 h�o6�h�oh�o6� h~=N6�g�i�j�s�y�z�{�}�儫劅崯師挓枱殶洘牊禑稛綗緹脽茻餆馃鳠鵁䶮�� !�,�-�4�5�9�>�L�P�Q�U�X�Z�h�i�n�o�s�t�x�y�z�~�仩儬箅嚯云怀ǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔ浑敞氤ɑ牖郴郴牖郴郴氤氤牖牖郴畴畴怀牖h.ph慳�CJaJh慳�CJaJh.ph=H CJaJh閛,h=H 6丆JH*aJh閛,h=H 6丆JaJh閛,h=H CJaJh=H CJaJh閛,h=H CJH*aJBc�j�s�y�|��$Ifgd鮘�l��$Ifgd鮘�l��|�}��kd)$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��}�劅垷師摕敓暉�� $Ifgd(*� $Ifgd璘暉枱�kd�)$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��枱棢洘�� $Ifgd(*� $Ifgd璘�kd�*$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��獰稛緹脽臒艧�� $Ifgd(*� $Ifgd璘艧茻�kd,+$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��茻菬諢跓邿鐭餆�� $Ifgd(*� $Ifgd璘餆馃�kd�+$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��馃駸鵁鶡裏䶮�� $Ifgd璘 � ��kd~,$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<�� $Ifgd璘� ��kd'-$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<�� !�-�5�:�;�<�� $Ifgd璘<�=��kd�-$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��=�>�L�Q�V�W�X�� $Ifgd璘X�Y��kdy.$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��Y�Z�i�o�t�z�偁�� $Ifgd璘偁儬�kd"/$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��儬劆嫚尃悹憼棤槧潬灎煚�� $Ifgd璘儬姞嫚憼枲棤槧湢潬獱珷癄礌繝罓菭葼虪褷郀錉鍫闋顮鼱隣��$�,�-�2�3�7�8�<�=�>�B�E�G�K�N�O�P�Y�Z�墶姟嫛崱帯悺憽摗敗枴邙遐眸礤礤眸礤礤眸屮屙屙屙礤眸礤礤屮砦没位位矾�h�0�jh�0�Uh0*h0*CJaJhO5Uh0*CJaJhO5Uh0*6丆JaJh.ph慳�CJaJh慳�CJaJh.ph=H CJaJh=H CJaJA煚牋�kd�/$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��牋珷盃睜矤�� $Ifgd璘矤碃�kdt0$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��碃礌罓葼蜖螤蠣�� $Ifgd璘蠣袪�kd1$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��袪褷郀鍫隊霠鞝�� $Ifgd璘鞝頎�kd�1$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��頎顮隣�� $Ifgd璘 � ��kdo2$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,JK�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<�� !�"�� $Ifgd璘"�#��kd3$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,��J��K�� t��0€�€��6��4�4� la�p�<��#�$�-�3�8�>�F��$Ifgd璘l�$Ifgd璘l�$Ifgd璘l�$Ifgd璘l�$Ifgd璘l�$Ifgd璘l�F�G�姟gd0*�kd�3$$If杔�謭�I��9�� ,��J��K�� t��0€�€��6��€€€€€€��4�4� la�p�<��姟尅崱彙悺挕摗暋枴煛牎　荨蕖摺唷��gd0*$刪]刪a$gd��刪]刪gd��匄��&`#$gd��枴棥潯灐煛　ⅰā蕖摺唷躏躏膈秕圊镫茇h0*h�0�hH/0JmHnHuh猻6 h猻60Jjh猻60JU21恏:pJ�皞. 捌A!�"皀#悹$悹%�澳澳惸51恏0:p%l3捌A 皞.!盃"盃#�$�%�芭芭惸21恏:p0*皞. 捌A!�"�#悹$悹%�芭芭惸�D猩陏�寕�K�ro2@stir.ac.uk嗌陏�寕�K�,mailto:ro2@stir.ac.uk�D猩陏�寕�K�嗌陏�寕�K�"http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Wingate+LR&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1�D猩陏�寕�K�嗌陏�寕�K�&http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Van+Orden+KA&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1 �D猩陏�寕�K�嗌陏�寕�K� http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Joiner+TE&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1�D猩陏�寕�K�嗌陏�寕�K�$http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Williams+FM&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1�D猩陏�寕�K�嗌陏�寕�K�http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Rudd+MD&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1�$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5��5��)kd�$$If杔�执�j VB.")0�6�� t��0€�€��6�� €€€€€€€€� ��4�4� la�p諴��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5��5��)kd�$$If杔�执�j VB.")0�6�� t��0€�€��6�� 4�4� la�p諴��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5��5��)kdj$$If杔�执�j VB.")0�6�� t��0€�€��6�� 4�4� la�p諴��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5��5��)kd$$$If杔�执�j VB.")0�6�� t��0€�€��6�� 4�4� la�p諴��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5��5��)kd�$$If杔�执�j VB.")0�6�� t��0€�€��6�� 4�4� la�p諴��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5��5��)kd�$$If杔�执�j VB.")0�6�� t��0€�€��6�� 4�4� la�p諴��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5��5��)kdR$$If杔�执�j VB.")0�6�� t��0€�€��6�� 4�4� la�p諴��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5��5��)kd$$If杔�执�j VB.")0�6�� t��0€�€��6�� 4�4� la�p諴��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�:V杔�* t��6�5��5��-kd�$$If杔��*执�j VB.")0�6�� t��0€�€��6�� €€€€€€€€� �� 4�4� la�p諴��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5�,5�@5��#v�#v�#v,#v@#v�:V杔 t��6�5�+5�K5�5��5��/��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5�,5�@5��#v�#v�#v,#v@#v�:V杔 t��6�5�+5�K5�5��5��/��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5�,5�@5��#v�#v�#v,#v@#v�:V杔 t��6�5�+5�K5�5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5�,5�@5��#v�#v�#v,#v@#v�:V杔 t��6�5�+5�K5�5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5�,5�@5��#v�#v�#v,#v@#v�:V杔 t��6�5�+5�K5�5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5�,5�@5��#v�#v�#v,#v@#v�:V杔攆 t��6�5�+5�K5�5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5�,5�@5��#v�#v�#v,#v@#v�:V杔 t��6�5�+5�K5�5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5�,5�@5��#v�#v�#v,#v@#v�:V杔 t��6�5�+5�K5�5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5�,5�@5��#v�#v�#v,#v@#v�:V杔 t��6�5�+5�K5�5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5�,5�@5��#v�#v�#v,#v@#v�:V杔 t��6�5�+5�K5�5��5��/��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5�,5�@5��#v�#v�#v,#v@#v�:V杔 t��6�5�+5�K5�5��5��/��/�€�$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��/��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��/��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��/��$$If�!vh5��5��5��5��5��5��#v�#v�#v�#v�#v�:V杔 t��6�5�,5�J5�K5��5��/��/�€��@@�@NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH DA@��DDefault Paragraph FontRi@��RTable Normal�4� l4�a�(k@��(No ListBU@��BU � Hyperlink>*B*OJQJ^Jph��o@��%l3Table Simple 1�:V�0€�€��j�#�€呏�喼�j�#€�€呏�喼�囍 ��4@4Q�Header �9r .)@�!.Q�Page Number4 @24Q�Footer �9r TC@BTK 3Body Text Indent�^�mH sH tH *W@�Q*CT�Strong5乗�>﨩�a>�7 item first last oddZYrZ鄁�Document Map-D M� �€CJOJQJ^JaJ>@�>en/ Footnote TextCJaJ@&��@en/Footnote ReferenceH*H橜�H轍PBalloon TextCJOJQJ^JaJ@��鄼l��4l��kl��倴|�釞j�008�欯0€€j�008��0€€�倴|�釞j�00��欯0€€j�00��0€€ABCi�� /FG;<>?I,-vwG �� \m!t!�!�%�%(V*�,;1M1�1�1�3�3�7�78<�6<�x<��>�>0?欳{F3JYKdK鵔鸙�[`_d7d猣 mm+o6op痯鹮蕆st坱弖vw顆鐇﹜z緕q{Y|陓w}(~閪€f€*��鍌藘6�'�鶉搱D��強輮蕥P�?�@�A�I�瘧皯磻缿虘趹鍛顟龖�� !�"�#�$�%�&�2�8�@�B�C�D�E�F�G�U�\�d�l�n�o�p�q�r�}�厭崚晵潚煉爳珤硳粧脪藪訏諕謷讙鎾頀鯍龗� ��#�)�1�6�=�B�I�O�W�\�c�h�o�v�~��#�藬虜褦跀輸鍞魯鼣��!�'�,�-�.�/�0�4�:�?�@�A�B�C�O�W�\�]�^�_�`�n�s�x�€�垥墪姇憰挄摃棔槙檿煏爼〞⿻獣畷磿箷簳粫紩綍蓵褧謺讜貢贂跁钑顣髸魰鯐鰰鲿�� %�,�4�5�6�倴儢剸厲嚃垨悥2�3�8�A�D�L�[�c�j�s�y�|�}�剹垪帡摋敆晽枟棗洍獥稐緱脳臈艞茥菞諚跅邨鐥飾饤駰鴹鶙龡䲢�� !�-�5�:�;�<�=�>�L�Q�V�W�X�Y�Z�i�o�t�z�倶儤剺嫎寴悩憳棙槝潣灅煒牁珮皹睒矘硺礃罉葮蜆螛蠘袠褬邩鍢陿霕鞓順顦龢�� !�"�#�$�-�3�8�>�F�G�姍寵崣彊悪挋摍暀枡煓牂瑱輽迿釞�0€€0€€�0€�0€�0€�0€�0€�0€€�0€0€€�0€��0€��0€��0€�€�0€��0€��0€€€�0€�€0€€�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e�0€e0€€�0€g��0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g��0€g�� 0€g��0€g�� 0€g��0€g�� 0€g��0€g�� 0€g��0€g�� 0€g��0€g�� 0€g��0€g�� 0€g��0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g��0€g��0€g��0€g��0€g��0€g�€�0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g��0€g�� 0€g��0€g�� 0€g��0€g�� 0€g��0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g��0€g�� 0€g��0€g��0€g�� 0€g��0€g��0€g�� 0€g��0€g��0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€g�� 0€€�0€[�0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€�0€畺�0€畺�0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺��0€畺� �0€畺��0€畺� �0€畺��0€畺� �0€畺��0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� 〡0€畺� 〡0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� 〡0€畺� 〡0€畺� �0€畺� 〡0€畺� 〡0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� 〡0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺��0€畺� �0€畺��0€畺� �0€畺��0€畺� �0€畺��0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺��0€畺� �0€畺��0€畺� �0€畺��0€畺� �0€畺��0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺� �0€畺楡0€€X�00�楡0€€X�00�楡0€€X�00�楡0€€X�00�楡0€€€楡0€€€楡0€€€楡0€€楡0€€楡0€€X�00��ABCi��IvwG ��1�1�3�3�7�78<�6<�x<��>�>0?欳{F3JYKdK鵔鸙6op痯鹮蕆st﹜z緕q{Y|陓w}(~閪*��鍌藘6�I�瘧皯磻缿虘龖 ��%�&�2�8�F�G�q�r�}�厭珤硳謷讙鎾頀鯍龗 ��~��跀輸鍞魯鼣��.�/�A�B�^�_�`�n�s�x�€�垥墪〞⿻粫紩貢贂鯐鰰�� ,�4�5�6�倴A�D�L�[�c�|�}�晽枟艞茥跅邨鐥飾饤� �� <�=�X�Y�倶儤煒牁矘硺蠘袠鞓順 � �"�#�$�-�3�>�F�G�釞X�00��zX�00�X�00�Z�00�X�00�垚00K€姁00M€姁00M€姁00K€埿00N€垚00(€垚00&€垚00&€h�00vLh�00u€h�00t€垚00)€姁00(€垚00&€垚00&€垚00'€垚0 0&€垚00&€垚00(€垚00'€垚00E垚00C垚00@垚00A垚00@垚00>垚00&赌垚00'赌垚00础尝拦垚00蔼垚00>垚00&赌垚00'赌垚00'测�垚00&赌垚00蔼时垚00?垚00>垚00<�垚0"0?#€時垚00 垚0#0<�垚00垚00 垚0'0?(��垚0'0>赌垚0'0<�€垚00垚00 垚00 (�6垚00埿00 埿00 埿00 埿00 埿00P�6埿00 h�07G8�6Z埿00 埿006h�0:F;�6Z@0 埿006@0 埿00溹6埿00 h�0@CA埻�@i�1�� 埿006@i�1�� 埿00蹄6埿00 埿006A0i�擂� 埿0 0 6埿0 0 埿0 06@0 埿00 @0 埿00 埿00 埿00 h�0D0E睜h�0R6S€咸h�0D0�h�0D0E碧h�0D0€h�0D0�埿00 埿00 埿006埿00 �埿00 �埿00 �埿00 �埿00 �埿00 �h�0N0O,矤h�0O0PH蔡h�0O0�h�0O0�埿00 �h�0N0�h�0N0�埿00 �埿00 �埿00 �埿00 �埿00 �埿00 �<�00" �飱0遯�h�0n!o愐�埿00�<�00" �飱0遯�埿00 埿00 埿00 埿00 埿00 埿00 垚0=0 �垚0=0 €楡0€€h�0ab@刺h�0a€h�0a�埿00 埿00 埿00,�6埿00 �埿00 �埿00 �埿00 �@�堭00 埿00 �p0 h�0O0�埿00 �h�0N0�h�0N0�@��1�� h�0��卣�埿00�h�0��痔埿00�h�0��H痔埿00�h�0��€痔埿00�h�0��钢�埿00�h�0��鹬�埿00�h�0��(滋埿00�h�0��敫埿00�h�0��H敫埿00�h�0��€敫埿00�<�00" �飱0遯 �埿00 埿00 埿00 埿00 埿00 埿00 �0€€ Z�00t� TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTWf5�$�*d2�;j?>C嘒YO镼蘒dg苐醬'|}�鑶Q�閼鏂��闉g�儬枴唷QTVWXYZ\]^_`abdefgijklnovz��-;9dS痻藡礄�F�藲1�~�鼫��.�/�A�B�^�_�垵墲粷紳貪贊鯘鰸��4�6�c�|�}�暉枱艧茻餆馃� �� <�=�X�Y�偁儬煚牋矤碃蠣袪鞝頎 � �"�#�F�姟唷RU[chmpqrstuwxy{|}~€��摺S*9藘P�[�_�鈩靹騽}�媴蕥€�崒憣I�X�\��!�貛鎺鞄煆⿵鄼X�€X��X��X��X�晫X�晫X�晫X�晫X�晫 W!�!�晙�8�@��€€€�饞��0�( � �養 �S�� ?�� OLE_LINK1 OLE_LINK2絲絲釞蟴蟴釞��'6嶫|鼙e7嶫|�e8嶫|D猳9嶫|<昬:嶫|t+o;嶫|�<嶫|4=嶫|�>嶫|蚭?嶫|膦e@嶫|4�A嶫|L,oB嶫|銪C嶫|d逜D嶫|塭E嶫|\霤F嶫|訮WG嶫|�[H嶫|涑[I嶫|eJ嶫|膫QK嶫|绦L嶫|�fM嶫|歙[N嶫|潆YO嶫|碏P嶫||絒Q嶫|軍R嶫|YoS嶫|糘T嶫|勔U嶫||昬V嶫|d=VW嶫|VX嶫|\�=Y嶫|lbZ嶫| *€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags €PostalCode€9*€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€State€=&*€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags €PlaceType€=%*€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags €PlaceName€B*€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€country-region€8!*€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€City€9'*€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€place€��'&%&%'! !'!'&%!'!'!''%&!'!'!'''!!'|�� S^t � � ",.48=NURWiq��.6+3&UXdm��FN��mt��bhrz��2;��'/dl,3FN�$�$�$�$+%6%K%P%R%Y%((�(�(�)�)*#*�*�*�*�*�+�+;-C-,.3.22�2�2l3w3�3�3�4�4�4�4�:�:>;C;CC縃腍zJ~JKNXN闝鮍jRrRgSoS門骉tU乁nVxV刋孹IYSYZ)Z訸躗盵碵s\~\遌靅|`刞隻頱Qj\j鄇鑚靔鱦砶絢|n噉p"p痯磒鹮rrr漴畆痳籸!s*sesps梩﹖痶箃総-u4u-v3vIvQvw#w墂恮顆鱳xx鐇y鄖難zz膠蘻w{{||瀨﹟鶁龹.5€€蟺趢C�H�P�W�/�2�鍌雮髠鶄Q�X�陞飬駞鲄'�.�4�:�@�H�鶉��$�N�Y�駡鯃鷪��飱鴬N�S�鲝�a�d�姍姍寵寵崣崣彊悪挋摍暀枡迿釞��"�"�%&($(V*e*�,�,p5r5r6t6�7�7>;D;J>L>鵇E疓盙匟嘓镴隞鉑L篖汵甆猭絢6oXodqfq鹮r輗靣sJs蘴譼v_vw?wAwdwfw噖檞渨顆3x5x攛鐇y}y﹜蟳z zzCzEz}z緕髗鮶2{q{檣j|l|聕閨瀩▆5~8~C�*€K€f€媭崁鈥*�~��>�@�磦鍌�Q�崊6�h�'�e�搱紙緢靾�/�(�\�⿰菉輮�瑥�P�洂m�p�啌=�X�N�`�姍姍寵寵崣崣彊悪挋摍暀枡迿釞3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333��/G�=m!�!-*V*�3�3YKdK+o6o噋痯觪鹮漴蕆顁sYt坱趗v鋠w絯顆z緕4{q{|Y|G}w}~(~粇閪�€M€f€鋩*�銇�秱鍌檭藘饐'�d�搱虊�^�強葕輮�I�皯龖��!�&�B�G�謷讙��~��啌虜��\�`�挄摃槙檿6�3�|�}�龡䲢��悩憳棙槝N�姍姍寵寵崣崣彊悪挋摍暀枡迿釞姍姍寵寵崣崣彊悪挋摍暀枡迿釞�礢詥J��勑剺��^勑`剺﨏JOJQJo(佛€劆剺��^劆`剺﨏JOJQJo(o€刾剺��p^刾`剺﨏JOJQJo(ю€凘剺��@^凘`剺﨏JOJQJo(ю€�剺��^�`剺﨏JOJQJo(ю€勦剺��^勦`剺﨏JOJQJo(ю€劙剺��^劙`剺﨏JOJQJo(ю€剙剺��€^剙`剺﨏JOJQJo(ю€凱剺��P^凱`剺﨏JOJQJo(ю�礢��C襉�襉��餣o�Cu�ddeZ刏�+u��餣dde��c00*蔨�'}G�7 I'L橝蒾UQkF堾璘�0�fJ饁Io? 瓃�_c �錎�%�+膎�H4U=H 瞶!G6#磡#�$E7$馮$箉$�%轌&�'賩(汧)榦)�*鵆*峱,b/-H/en/�1mp2K 33%l3�.5;6LG6猻6�8{68�2:�4:翽:1=BK= O=*}>顃础�叠濒颁臝贰H錚HH�II cI鮴LM�N~=N轍PvsQ瓁Q�:YRl[瑉\遰_頜`�aB)bP=c� e�f﨧fcg璮g_zgoh怶hQth)|hUEi駓itGjBkgEk@LmUn�oq vxDx�z'#z�2{|{A{|筤}砠~9h~zV�^�詇�DO��au�V��+�穣�� m�w �uJ�鮘��*�w8�-y���鯵�W7�Ok��C��+�鋑�6~�ns�R��O%�e1�m �x*��E�vx�U �鈒�X{�Z�鐀��p�|I�蚐�$�gq��W]�Zy��0��>�(*�o ��鏴�1&�D2��:�慳�Q�ヾ�^�陏��,�\X��,�験�恾�?m�襭�%�蘠�籒�iT�n&�A+�L�";�B�mH�xX�aa�9��K\�>O�鄁�*c�刼�J�-l�,F�/x�賬�赬��+�€[�菻��1�,�CT�?(0?欳YKdK痯蕆搱D��瘧皯磻缿虘趹鍛顟龖�� !�"�#�$�%�&�2�8�@�B�C�D�E�F�G�U�\�d�l�n�o�p�q�r�}�厭崚晵潚煉爳珤硳粧脪藪訏諕謷讙鎾頀鯍龗� ��#�1�=�I�W�c�o�~��虜褦跀鍞鼣��!�'�,�-�.�/�0�4�:�?�@�A�B�C�O�W�\�]�^�_�`�n�s�x�€�垥墪憰棔煏〞⿻獣畷磿箷簳粫紩綍蓵褧謺讜貢贂跁钑顣髸魰鯐鰰鲿�� %�,�4�5�3�8�A�L�c�s�|�}�剹垪帡摋敆晽枟棗洍獥稐緱脳臈艞茥菞諚跅邨鐥飾饤鴹龡� �� !�-�5�:�;�<�=�>�L�Q�V�W�X�Y�Z�i�o�t�z�倶儤嫎悩棙潣灅煒牁珮皹睒矘硺礃罉葮蜆螛蠘袠褬邩鍢陿霕鞓順顦龢�� !�"�#�$�-�3�8�>�F�G�姍寵彊挋暀瑱釞 0��@I,�++鄼p@��Unknown��G�噝 €�Times New Roman5�€Symbol3&�噝 €�Arial7&�� Verdana5&�噝a€�Tahoma?5� 噝 €�Courier New;�€Wingdings"1�鹦hd�&d�&�,糵�爞N�爞N!��亖4d<�<�2僸�HX �?��N2��5RUNNING HEAD: Positive expectancies and hopelessnessro2ro2�鄥燆鵒h珣+'迟0��$ 0< \ht €��8RUNNING HEAD: Positive expectancies and hopelessnessro2Normal.dotro23Microsoft Office Word@ �@陱縥7�@x簼裻�@謯P襱��爞�胀諟.摋+,D胀諟.摋+,t0hp�� 我要吃瓜N<�'6RUNNING HEAD: Positive expectancies and hopelessnessTitle� 8@_PID_HLINKS�A` 6s�http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Rudd+MD&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1> ~�http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Williams+FM&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1> t�http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Joiner+TE&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1> `�http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Van+Orden+KA&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1> Td�http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=T1nC@@Fa4KkePiaJI42&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Wingate+LR&curr_doc=4/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=4/1> @_ Jhttp://europa.sim.ucm.es/compludoc/AA?a=Fairburn%2c+C+G&donde=otras&zfr=0> HFhttp://europa.sim.ucm.es/compludoc/AA?a=Cooper%2c+Z&donde=otras&zfr=0> {Ghttp://europa.sim.ucm.es/compludoc/AA?a=Shafran%2c+R&donde=otras&zfr=0> ,mailto:ro2@stir.ac.uk> !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<�=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€�� !"#$%��*��Root Entry�� F€W@l襱�,€Data ��41Table��WordDocument��焞SummaryInformation(��DocumentSummaryInformation8��CompObj��q�� FMicrosoft Office Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.8�9瞦