Thesis
Wood D (2020) Linking carbon and iron cycles by investigating transport, fate and mineralogy of iron-bearing nanoparticles and colloids from peat-draining rivers - Scotland as a model for high-latitude rivers. Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Science. 我要吃瓜. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/31889
Article
Continuous Forest Monitoring Using Cumulative Sums of Sentinel-1 Timeseries
Ruiz-Ramos J, Marino A, Boardman C & Suarez J (2020) Continuous Forest Monitoring Using Cumulative Sums of Sentinel-1 Timeseries. Remote Sensing, 12 (18), Art. No.: 3061. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12183061
Book Chapter
United Kingdom: Environmental design education in a changing world
Dawson A & Palmer L (2020) United Kingdom: Environmental design education in a changing world. In: Fleming R, Zeisel J & Bennett K (eds.) World Alzheimer Report 2020. Design, Dignity, Dementia: Dementia-related design and the built environment, Volume I. World Alzheimer Report. London: Alzheimer’s Disease International, pp. 208-215. https://www.alz.co.uk/research/world-report-2020
Article
Geologically controlled sandy beaches: their geomorphology, morphodynamics and classification
Gallop SL, Kennedy DM, Loureiro C, Naylor LA, Mu?oz-Pérez JJ, Jackson DWT & Fellowes TE (2020) Geologically controlled sandy beaches: their geomorphology, morphodynamics and classification. Science of The Total Environment, 731, Art. No.: 139123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139123
Article
Ghanawi J & McAdam BJ (2020) Using fatty acid markers to distinguish between effects of salmon (Salmo salar) and halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) farming on mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus). Aquaculture Research, 51 (6), pp. 2229-2242. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14568
Article
Roxburgh H, Hampshire K, Kaliwo T, Tilley EA, Oliver DM & Quilliam RS (2020) Power, danger, and secrecy-a socio-cultural examination of menstrual waste management in urban Malawi. PLoS ONE, 15 (6), Art. No.: e0235339. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235339
Article
Anfuso G, Loureiro C, Taaouati M, Smyth T & Jackson D (2020) Spatial Variability of Beach Impact from Post-Tropical Cyclone Katia (2011) on Northern Ireland's North Coast. Water, 12 (5), Art. No.: 1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051380
Article
Employee dissent on social media and organizational discipline
Thompson P, McDonald P & O’Connor P (2020) Employee dissent on social media and organizational discipline. Human Relations, 73 (5), pp. 631-652. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726719846262
Article
The Role of Forest Elephants in Shaping Tropical Forest-Savanna Coexistence
Cardoso AW, Malhi Y, Oliveras I, Lehmann D, Ndong JE, Dimoto E, Bush E, Jeffery K, Labriere N, Lewis SL, White LTJ, Bond W & Abernethy K (2020) The Role of Forest Elephants in Shaping Tropical Forest-Savanna Coexistence. Ecosystems, 23 (3), p. 602–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00424-3
Article
Tectono-stratigraphic basin evolution in the Tehuacán-Mixteca highlands, south western México
Medina-Sánchez J, McLaren SJ, Ortega-Ramírez J & Valiente-Banuet A (2020) Tectono-stratigraphic basin evolution in the Tehuacán-Mixteca highlands, south western México. Heliyon, 6 (3), Art. No.: e03584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03584
Article
Bird C, Schweizer M, Roberts A, Austin WEN, Knudsen KL, Evans KM, Filipsson HL, Sayer MDJ, Geslin E & Darling KF (2020) The genetic diversity, morphology, biogeography, and taxonomic designations of Ammonia (Foraminifera) in the Northeast Atlantic. Marine Micropaleontology, 155, Art. No.: 101726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2019.02.001
Article
Fitzer SC, McGill RAR, Torres Gabarda S, Hughes B, Dove M, O'Connor W & Byrne M (2019) Selectively bred oysters can alter their biomineralization pathways, promoting resilience to environmental acidification. Global Change Biology, 25 (12), pp. 4105-4115. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14818
Article
Distribution and classification of pockmarks on the seabed around western Scotland
Audsley A, Bradwell T, Howe JA & Baxter JM (2019) Distribution and classification of pockmarks on the seabed around western Scotland. Journal of Maps, 15 (2), pp. 807-817. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2019.1676320
Book Chapter
Managing the Decline of Fossil Fuels: A Long Goodbye?
Wood G (2019) Managing the Decline of Fossil Fuels: A Long Goodbye?. In: Wood G & Baker K (eds.) The Palgrave Handbook of Managing Fossil Fuels and Energy Transitions. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 611-615. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28076-5_23
Article
Byrne M & Fitzer S (2019) The impact of environmental acidification on the microstructure and mechanical integrity of marine invertebrate skeletons. Conservation Physiology, 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coz062
Article
Jones IL, DeWalt SJ, Lopez OR, Bunnefeld L, Pattison Z & Dent DH (2019) Above- and belowground carbon stocks are decoupled in secondary tropical forests and are positively related to forest age and soil nutrients respectively. Science of The Total Environment, 697, Art. No.: 133987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133987
Article
Are beavers a solution to the freshwater biodiversity crisis?
Law A, Levanoni O, Foster G, Ecke F & Willby NJ (2019) Are beavers a solution to the freshwater biodiversity crisis?. Diversity and Distributions, 25 (11), pp. 1763-1772. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12978
Article
Northern Hemisphere atmospheric stilling accelerates lake thermal responses to a warming world
Woolway RI, Merchant CJ, Van Den Hoek J, Azorin-Molina C, N?ges P, Laas A, Mackay EB & Jones ID (2019) Northern Hemisphere atmospheric stilling accelerates lake thermal responses to a warming world. Geophysical Research Letters, 46 (21), pp. 11983-11992. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082752
Article
Matias A, Carrasco AR, Loureiro C, Masselink G, Andriolo U, McCall R, Ferreira ?, Plomaritis TA, Pacheco A & Guerreiro M (2019) Field measurements and hydrodynamic modelling to evaluate the importance of factors controlling overwash. Coastal Engineering, 152, Art. No.: 103523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2019.103523
Letter
Marselis SM, Tang H, Armston J, Abernethy KA, Alonso A, Barbier N, Bissiengou P, Jeffery KJ, Kenfack D, Labrière N, Lee SK, Lewis SL, Memiaghe H, Poulsen JR, White L & Dubayah R (2019) Exploring the relation between remotely sensed vertical canopy structure and tree species diversity in Gabon. Environmental Research Letters, 14 (9), Art. No.: 094013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2dcd
Article
Applying the natural capital approach to decision making for the marine environment
Hooper T, B?rger T, Langmead O, Marcone O, Rees SE, Rendon O, Beaumont N, Attrill MJ & Austen M (2019) Applying the natural capital approach to decision making for the marine environment. Ecosystem Services, 38, Art. No.: 100947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100947
Technical Report
Historic External Lime Finishes In Scotland
Meek T & Addyman T (2019) Historic External Lime Finishes In Scotland [Technical Paper 31: Historic External Lime Finishes In Scotland]. Historic Environment Scotland. Historic Environment Scotland Technical Papers, 31. www.historicenvironment.scot/TechnicalPapers. https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/publications/publication/?publicationId=9fc7b2b3-e3a1-4b4c-8b5b-aa8b00908af2
Article
Fitzer SC, Plancq J, Floyd CJ, Kemp FM & Toney JL (2019) Increased pCO2 changes the lipid production in important aquacultural feedstock algae Isochrysis galbana, but not in Tetraselmis suecica. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 4 (4), pp. 142-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2019.02.008
Article
The insect, Galleria mellonella, is a compatible model for evaluating the toxicology of okadaic acid
Coates CJ, Lim J, Harman K, Rowley AF, Griffiths DJ, Emery H & Layton W (2019) The insect, Galleria mellonella, is a compatible model for evaluating the toxicology of okadaic acid. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 35 (3), pp. 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10565-018-09448-2
Article
The mixed-bed glacial landform imprint of the North Sea Lobe in the western North Sea
Roberts DH, Grimoldi E, Callard L, Evans DJA, Clark CD, Stewart HA, Dove D, Saher M, ? Cofaigh C, Chiverrell RC, Bateman MD, Moreton SG, Bradwell T, Fabel D & Medialdea A (2019) The mixed-bed glacial landform imprint of the North Sea Lobe in the western North Sea. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 44 (6), pp. 1233-1258. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4569
Article
Metabarcoding Insights Into the Trophic Behavior and Identity of Intertidal Benthic Foraminifera
Chronopoulou P, Salonen I, Bird C, Reichart G & Koho KA (2019) Metabarcoding Insights Into the Trophic Behavior and Identity of Intertidal Benthic Foraminifera. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, Art. No.: 1169. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01169
Article
Ice-stream demise dynamically conditioned by trough shape and bed strength
Bradwell T, Small D, Fabel D, Smedley RK, Clark CD, Saher MH, Callard SL, Chiverrell RC, Dove D, Moreton SG, Roberts DH, Duller GAT & ? Cofaigh C (2019) Ice-stream demise dynamically conditioned by trough shape and bed strength. Science Advances, 5 (4), Art. No.: eaau1380. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau1380
Website Content
Abernethy K, Maisels F & Coad L (2019) Allochrocebus solatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 (e.T4230A92346555) [Blog post] 31.03.2019. https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-1.rlts.t4230a92346555.en
Article
Boult VL, Sibly RM, Quaife T, Fishlock V, Moss C & Lee PC (2019) Modelling large herbivore movement decisions: Beyond food availability as a predictor of ranging patterns. African Journal of Ecology, 57 (1), pp. 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12553
Article
Cusack J, Duthie AB, Rakotonarivo OS, Pozo R, Mason T, M?nsson J, Nilsson L, Tombre I, Eythórsson E, Madsen J, Tulloch AIT, Hearn R, Redpath S & Bunnefeld N (2019) Time series analysis reveals synchrony and asynchrony between conflict management effort and increasing large grazing bird populations in northern Europe. Conservation Letters, 12 (1), Art. No.: e12450. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12450
Article
Re-assembling environmental and sustainability education: orientations from New Materialism
Mannion G (2019) Re-assembling environmental and sustainability education: orientations from New Materialism. Environmental Education Research, 26 (9-10), pp. 1353-1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2018.1536926
Book Chapter
Childhoodnature Pedagogies and Place: An Overview and Analysis
Stevenson RB, Mannion G & Evans N (2018) Childhoodnature Pedagogies and Place: An Overview and Analysis. In: Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles A, Malone K & Barratt Hacking E (eds.) Research Handbook on Childhoodnature; Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education book series (SIHE). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51949-4_76-1
Article
Temporal variability in winter wave conditions and storminess in the northwest of Ireland
Loureiro C & Cooper A (2018) Temporal variability in winter wave conditions and storminess in the northwest of Ireland. Irish Geography, 51 (2). http://www.geographicalsocietyireland.ie/irish-geography.html
Article
Marine ice sheet instability and ice shelf buttressing of the Minch Ice Stream, northwest Scotland
Gandy N, Gregoire LJ, Ely JC, Clark CD, Hodgson DM, Lee V, Bradwell T & Ivanovic RF (2018) Marine ice sheet instability and ice shelf buttressing of the Minch Ice Stream, northwest Scotland. Cryosphere, 12 (11), pp. 3635-3651. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3635-2018
Website Content
Native American Women’s Transatlantic Activism for Sovereignty
Toth G (2018) Native American Women’s Transatlantic Activism for Sovereignty [Guest Blog:
Gyorgy “George” Toth (我要吃瓜)]. [Internet blog (Wordpress)] 14.11.2018. https://transatlanticladies.wordpress.com/2018/11/14/guest-blog-native-american-womens-activism/
Article
Boult VL, Quaife T, Fishlock V, Moss CJ, Lee PC & Sibly RM (2018) Individual-based modelling of elephant population dynamics using remote sensing to estimate food availability. Ecological Modelling, 387, pp. 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.09.010
Article
Cardoso AW, Oliveras I, Abernethy KA, Jeffery KJ, Lehmann D, Edzang Ndong J, McGregor I, Belcher CM, Bond WJ & Malhi YS (2018) Grass Species Flammability, Not Biomass, Drives Changes in Fire Behavior at Tropical Forest-Savanna Transitions. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 1, Art. No.: 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2018.00006
Article
Bon de Sousa L, Loureiro C & Ferreira ? (2018) Morphological and economic impacts of rising sea levels on cliff-backed platform beaches in southern Portugal. Applied Geography, 99, pp. 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.07.023
Article
Roberts DH, Evans DJA, Callard SL, Clark CD, Bateman MD, Medialdea A, Dove D, Cotterill CJ, Saher M, ?'Cofaigh C, Chiverrell RC, Moreton SG, Fabel D & Bradwell T (2018) Ice marginal dynamics of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet in the southern North Sea: Ice limits, timing and the influence of the Dogger Bank. Quaternary Science Reviews, 198, pp. 181-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.08.010
Article
Coastal acidification impacts on shell mineral structure of bivalve mollusks
Fitzer SC, Torres Gabarda S, Daly L, Hughes B, Dove M, O'Connor W, Potts J, Scanes P & Byrne M (2018) Coastal acidification impacts on shell mineral structure of bivalve mollusks. Ecology and Evolution, 8 (17), pp. 8973-8984. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.4416; https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4416
Article
Geological constraints on mesoscale coastal barrier behaviour
Cooper JAG, Green AN & Loureiro C (2018) Geological constraints on mesoscale coastal barrier behaviour. Global and Planetary Change, 168, pp. 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.06.006
Preprint / Working Paper
Luminescence dating of soils and sediments from Jerash, Jordan
Cresswell AJ, Sanderson DCW, Kinnaird TC, Holdridge G, Lichtenberger A, Raja R & Simpson IA (2018) Luminescence dating of soils and sediments from Jerash, Jordan. Jerash Geoarchaeology.
Article
Pantoja PO, Paine CET & Vallejo-Marín M (2018) Natural selection and outbreeding depression suggest adaptive differentiation in the invasive range of a clonal plant. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285 (1882), Art. No.: 20181091. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1091
Article
Crystallographic Interdigitation in Oyster Shell Folia Enhances Material Strength
Meng Y, Fitzer SC, Chung P, Li C, Thiyagarajan V & Cusack M (2018) Crystallographic Interdigitation in Oyster Shell Folia Enhances Material Strength. Crystal Growth and Design, 18 (7), pp. 3753-3761. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.7b01481
Conference Paper (published)
Superresolution underwater acoustics
Cuyt A, Lee W, Tijskens E, Hong W, Wang J, Cools T & Geerts T (2018) Superresolution underwater acoustics. In: Proceedings of Euronoise 2018. Euronoise 2018, 27.05.2018-31.05.2018. Crete, Greece: Hellenic Institute of Acoustics, pp. 2845-2850. http://www.euronoise2018.eu/docs/papers/469_Euronoise2018.pdf
Article
Clark CD, Ely JC, Greenwood SL, Hughes ALC, Meehan R, Barr ID, Bateman MD, Bradwell T, Doole J, Evans DJA, Monteys X, Pellicer XM & Sheehy M (2018) BRITICE Glacial Map, version 2: a map and GIS database of glacial landforms of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet. Boreas, 47 (1), pp. 11-e8. https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12273
Article
Everest JD, Bradwell T, Jones L & Hughes L (2017) The geomorphology of Svínafellsj?kull and Virkisj?kull-Fallj?kull glacier forelands, southeast Iceland. Journal of Maps, 13 (2), pp. 936-945. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2017.1407272
Article
Stewart H, Bradwell T, Bullard J, Davies S, Golledge N & McCulloch R (2017) 8000 years of North Atlantic storminess reconstructed from a Scottish peat record: implications for Holocene atmospheric circulation patterns in Western Europe. Journal of Quaternary Science, 32 (8), pp. 1075-1084. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2983
Article
Krabbendam M, Bradwell T, Everest JD & Eyles N (2017) Joint-bounded crescentic scars formed by subglacial clast-bed contact forces: Implications for bedrock failure beneath glaciers. Geomorphology, 290, pp. 114-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.03.021
Conference Paper (published)
Measuring and modelling overwash hydrodynamics on a barrier island
Matias A, Carrasco A, Loureiro C, Andriolo U, Masselink G, Guerreiro M, Pacheco A, McCall R, Ferreira ? & Plomaritis T (2017) Measuring and modelling overwash hydrodynamics on a barrier island. In: Proceedings of Coastal Dynamics 2017. Coastal Dynamics 2017, Helsing?r, Denmark, 12.06.2017-16.06.2017. Helsing?r, Denmark: University of Copenhagen, pp. 1616-1627. http://coastaldynamics2017.dk
Article
The configuration, sensitivity and rapid retreat of the Late Weichselian Icelandic ice sheet
Patton H, Hubbard A, Bradwell T & Schomacker A (2017) The configuration, sensitivity and rapid retreat of the Late Weichselian Icelandic ice sheet. Earth-Science Reviews, 166, pp. 223-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.02.001
Article
High-latitude dust in the Earth system
Bullard J, Baddock M, Bradwell T, Crusius J, Darlington E, Gaiero D, Gasso S, Gisladottir G, Hodgkins R, McCulloch R, McKenna-Neuman C, Mockford T, Stewart H & Thorsteinsson T (2016) High-latitude dust in the Earth system. Review of Geophysics, 54 (2), pp. 447-485. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000518
Article
Jackson DWT, Cooper JAG, O'Connor M, Guisado-Pintado E, Loureiro C & Anfuso G (2016) Field measurements of intertidal bar evolution on a high-energy beach system: Intertidal bar Evolution on a High-Energy Beach System. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 41 (8), pp. 1107-1114. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3920
Article
Streamlined hard beds formed by palaeo-ice streams: A review
Krabbendam M, Eyles N, Putkinen N, Bradwell T & Arbelaez-Moreno L (2016) Streamlined hard beds formed by palaeo-ice streams: A review. Sedimentary Geology, 338, pp. 24-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.12.007
Edited Book
Rethinking Climate Change, Conflict and Security
Selby J & Hoffmann C (eds.) (2015) Rethinking Climate Change, Conflict and Security. London: Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Rethinking-Climate-Change-Conflict-and-Security/Selby-Hoffmann/p/book/9781138915398
Article
Backstrom J, Jackson D, Cooper A & Loureiro C (2015) Contrasting geomorphological storm response from two adjacent shorefaces: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 40 (15), pp. 2112-2120. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3788
Article
Pacheco A, Horta J, Loureiro C & Ferreira ? (2015) Retrieval of nearshore bathymetry from Landsat 8 images: A tool for coastal monitoring in shallow waters. Remote Sensing of Environment, 159, pp. 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.12.004
Article
Sampath DMR, Boski T, Loureiro C & Sousa C (2015) Modelling of estuarine response to sea-level rise during the Holocene: Application to the Guadiana Estuary–SW Iberia. Geomorphology, 232, pp. 47-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.037
Conference Paper (published)
Prediction of overwash in alongshore variable barrier islands
Matias A, Carrasco AR, Loureiro C, Almeida S & Ferreira O (2014) Prediction of overwash in alongshore variable barrier islands. In: volume 101. Comunica??es Geológicas. Congresso nacional de Geologia 2014, Porto, 18.07.2014-24.07.2014. Lisbon, pp. 621-624. http://www.lneg.pt/download/9620/6_1787_ART_CG14_ESPECIAL_II.pdf
Conference Paper (published)
Non-uniformity of storm impacts on three high-energy embayed beaches
Loureiro C, Ferreira O & Cooper A (2014) Non-uniformity of storm impacts on three high-energy embayed beaches. In: 13th International Coastal Symposium 2014, Durban, South Africa. Coastal Education and Research Foundation, pp. 326-331. https://doi.org/10.2112/si70-055.1
Conference Paper (published)
Nearshore and foreshore influence on overwash of a barrier island
Matias A, Carrasco AR, Loureiro C, Almeida S & Ferreira ? (2014) Nearshore and foreshore influence on overwash of a barrier island. In: 13th International Coastal Symposium, Durban, South Africa. Coastal Education and Research Foundation, pp. 675-680. https://doi.org/10.2112/si70-114.1
Article
Applicability of parametric beach morphodynamic state classification on embayed beaches
Loureiro C, Ferreira ? & Cooper JAG (2013) Applicability of parametric beach morphodynamic state classification on embayed beaches. Marine Geology, 346, pp. 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.09.005
Article
Geologically constrained morphological variability and boundary effects on embayed beaches
Loureiro C, Ferreira ? & Cooper JAG (2012) Geologically constrained morphological variability and boundary effects on embayed beaches. Marine Geology, 329-331, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2012.09.010
Article
Extreme erosion on high-energy embayed beaches: Influence of megarips and storm grouping
Loureiro C, Ferreira ? & Cooper JAG (2012) Extreme erosion on high-energy embayed beaches: Influence of megarips and storm grouping. Geomorphology, 139-140, pp. 155-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.10.013
Conference Paper (published)
Oliveira A, Fortunato AB, Guerreiro M, Bertin X, Bruneau N, Rodrigues M, Taborda R, Andrade C, Silva AM, Antunes C, Freire P, Pedro LS, Dodet G, Loureiro C & Mendes A (2010) Effect of Inlet Morphology and Wave Action on Pollutant Pathways and Sediment Dynamics in a Coastal Stream. In: Estuarine and Coastal Modeling: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference. 11th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, Seattle, Washington, USA, 04.11.2009-06.11.2009. Reston, VA, USA: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 601-620. https://doi.org/10.1061/41121%28388%2936
Article
Private International Law of the Environment
Beaumont P (1995) Private International Law of the Environment. Juridical Review, 1995 (1), pp. 28-39.