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Citation

Hartwig TB, Sanders T, Vasconcellos D, Noetel M, Parker PD, Lubans DR, Andrade S, ?vila-García M, Bartholomew J, Belton S, Brooks NE, Bugge A, Cavero-Redondo I, Christiansen LB & Moran C (2021) School-based interventions modestly increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness but are least effective for youth who need them most: an individual participant pooled analysis of 20 controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55 (13), pp. 721-729. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102740

Abstract
Objectives To determine if subpopulations of students benefit equally from school-based physical activity interventions in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity. To examine if physical activity intensity mediates improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness. Design Pooled analysis of individual participant data from controlled trials that assessed the impact of school-based physical activity interventions on cardiorespiratory fitness and device-measured physical activity. Participants Data for 6621 children and adolescents aged 4–18 years from 20 trials were included. Main outcome measures Peak oxygen consumption (VO2Peak mL/kg/min) and minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity. Results Interventions modestly improved students’ cardiorespiratory fitness by 0.47?mL/kg/min (95% CI 0.33 to 0.61), but the effects were not distributed equally across subpopulations. Girls and older students benefited less than boys and younger students, respectively. Students with lower levels of initial fitness, and those with higher levels of baseline physical activity benefitted more than those who were initially fitter and less active, respectively. Interventions had a modest positive effect on physical activity with approximately one additional minute per day of both moderate and vigorous physical activity. Changes in vigorous, but not moderate intensity, physical activity explained a small amount (~5%) of the intervention effect on cardiorespiratory fitness. Conclusions Future interventions should include targeted strategies to address the needs of girls and older students. Interventions may also be improved by promoting more vigorous intensity physical activity. Interventions could mitigate declining youth cardiorespiratory fitness, increase physical activity and promote cardiovascular health if they can be delivered equitably and their effects sustained at the population level.

Keywords
Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation; Orthopedics and Sports Medicine; General Medicine

Notes
Additional co-authors: Kristen Cohen, Tara Coppinger, Sindre Dyrstad, Vanessa Errisuriz, Stuart Fairclough, Trish Gorely, Francisco Javier Huertas-Delgado, Johann Issartel, Susi Kriemler, Silje Eikanger Kval?, Pedro Marques-Vidal, Vicente Martinez-Vizcaino, Niels Christian M?ller, John Morris, Mary Nevill, Angélica Ochoa-Avilés, Mai O'Leary, Louisa Peralta, Karin A Pfeiffer, Jardena Puder, Andrés Redondo-Tébar, Lorraine B Robbins, Mairena Sanchez-Lopez, Jakob Tarp, Sarah Taylor, Pablo Tercedor, Mette Toftager, Emilio Villa-González, Niels Wedderkopp, Kathryn Louise Weston, Zenong Yin, Zhou Zhixiong, Chris Lonsdale, Borja del Pozo Cruz

Journal
British Journal of Sports Medicine: Volume 55, Issue 13

• Accepted manuscript