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Citation

Munro A, Booth H, Gray NM, Love J, Mohan ARM, Tang J & Macgillivray S (2021) Understanding the impacts of novel coronavirus outbreaks on people who use drugs: A systematic review to inform practice and drug policy responses to COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (16), Art. No.: 8470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168470

Abstract
People who use drugs (PWUD) experience many social and health harms and are considered at greater risk of acquiring COVID-19. Little research has examined the impact of coronaviruses either on PWUD, or on services targeted to PWUD. We report the findings of a systematic review of empirical evidence from studies which have examined the impact of coronaviruses (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and COVID-19) on PWUD or on service responses to them. Five databases were searched (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ASSIA and EMBASE) as well as COVID-19 specific databases. Inclusion criteria were studies reporting any impact of SARS, MERS or COVID-19 or any service responses to those, published between January 2000 and October 2020. Weight of Evidence judgements and quality assessment were undertaken. In total, 27 primary studies were included and grouped by seven main themes: treatment/recovery services; emergency medical settings; low-threshold services; prison setting, PWUD/substance use disorder (SUD) diagnosis; people with SUD and HIV; ‘Sexual minority’ men. Overall, research in the area was scant, and of average/poor quality. More robust research is required to inform on-going and future responses to coronavirus epidemics for PWUD.

Keywords
COVID-19; coronavirus; SARS; MERS; people who use drugs; problem drug users; service responses; systematic review

Notes
This review was funded by Scottish Government under the auspices of the Drugs Death Taskforce, Grant No DDTFRF03

Journal
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health: Volume 18, Issue 16

• Published version