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Citation

Klimek M, Marcinkowska UM, Fedurek P, Kleisner K & Danel DP (2022) Like Father, Like Child? Paternal Age at Birth and Offspring's Facial Asymmetry and Distinctiveness. Symmetry, 14 (2), Art. No.: 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14020344

Abstract
Paternal age at birth, a potential proxy of mutation load transmitted to the offspring, has previously been related to the offspring’s health, biological condition and reproductive potential. As higher facial asymmetry and distinctiveness serve as putative markers of the lower genetic quality of an individual, we hypothesize that more advanced paternal age at birth will be related to children’s higher levels of facial asymmetry and distinctiveness. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the link between paternal age at birth and facial asymmetry in offspring. Based on archived photographs of 159 children born within 47 Polish families, we have conducted facial geometric morphometric measurements and calculated the levels of facial asymmetry and distinctiveness. The relationship between paternal age at birth and the offspring’s facial features was explored with the use of Bayesian Linear Mixed-effects Models, controlling for sex, age and birth order of the offspring, and maternal age at child’s birth. No associations between paternal age at birth and facial asymmetry or distinctiveness in children were found. The lack of such a relationship might be a result of the potentially insufficient influence of newly accumulated paternal mutations affecting the offspring’s phenotype or higher importance of maternal (prenatal) and postnatal environments in shaping facial features.

Keywords
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD); developmental stability; facial features; Paternal Origins of Health and Disease (POHaD)

Journal
Symmetry: Volume 14, Issue 2

• Symmetry-14-00344