我要吃瓜

Citation

Gerkin RC, Ohla K, Veldhuizen MG, Joseph PV, Kelly CE, Bakke AJ, Steele KE, Farruggia MC, Pellegrino R, Pepino MY, Bouysset C, Soler GM, Pereda-Loth V, Dibattista M & Roberts SC (2021) Recent Smell Loss Is the Best Predictor of COVID-19 Among Individuals With Recent Respiratory Symptoms. Chemical Senses, 46, Art. No.: bjaa081. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa081

Abstract
In a preregistered, cross-sectional study, we investigated whether olfactory loss is a reliable predictor of COVID-19 using a crowdsourced questionnaire in 23 languages to assess symptoms in individuals self-reporting recent respiratory illness. We quantified changes in chemosensory abilities during the course of the respiratory illness using 0–100 visual analog scales (VAS) for participants reporting a positive (C19+; n = 4148) or negative (C19?; n = 546) COVID-19 laboratory test outcome. Logistic regression models identified univariate and multivariate predictors of COVID-19 status and post-COVID-19 olfactory recovery. Both C19+ and C19? groups exhibited smell loss, but it was significantly larger in C19+ participants (mean ± SD, C19+: ?82.5 ± 27.2 points; C19?: ?59.8 ± 37.7). Smell loss during illness was the best predictor of COVID-19 in both univariate and multivariate models (ROC AUC = 0.72). Additional variables provide negligible model improvement. VAS ratings of smell loss were more predictive than binary chemosensory yes/no-questions or other cardinal symptoms (e.g., fever). Olfactory recovery within 40 days of respiratory symptom onset was reported for ~50% of participants and was best predicted by time since respiratory symptom onset. We find that quantified smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19 amongst those with symptoms of respiratory illness. To aid clinicians and contact tracers in identifying individuals with a high likelihood of having COVID-19, we propose a novel 0–10 scale to screen for recent olfactory loss, the ODoR-19. We find that numeric ratings ≤2 indicate high odds of symptomatic COVID-19 (4 < OR < 10). Once independently validated, this tool could be deployed when viral lab tests are impractical or unavailable.

Keywords
anosmia; chemosensory; coronavirus; hyposmia; olfactory; prediction

Notes
Additional co-authors: Keiland W Cooper, Ilja Croijmans, Antonella Di Pizio, Mehmet Hakan Ozdener, Alexander W Fjaeldstad, Cailu Lin, Mari A Sandell, Preet B Singh, V Evelyn Brindha, Shannon B Olsson, Luis R Saraiva, Gaurav Ahuja, Mohammed K Alwashahi, Surabhi Bhutani, Anna D’Errico, Marco A Fornazieri, Jér?me Golebiowski, Liang Dar Hwang, Lina ?ztürk, Eugeni Roura, Sara Spinelli, Katherine L Whitcroft, Farhoud Faraji, Florian Ph S Fischmeister, Thomas Heinbockel, Julien W Hsieh, Caroline Huart, Iordanis Konstantinidis, Anna Menini, Gabriella Morini, Jonas K Olofsson, Carl M Philpott, Denis Pierron, Vonnie D C Shields, Vera V Voznessenskaya, Javier Albayay, Aytug Altundag, Moustafa Bensafi, María Adelaida Bock, Orietta Calcinoni, William Fredborg, Christophe Laudamiel, Juyun Lim, Johan N Lundstr?m, Alberto Macchi, Pablo Meyer, Shima T Moein, Enrique Santamaría, Debarka Sengupta, Paloma Rohlfs Dominguez, Hüseyin Yanik, Thomas Hummel, John E Hayes, Danielle R Reed, Masha Y Niv, Steven D Munger, Valentina Parma, GCCR Group Author

Journal
Chemical Senses: Volume 46