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Citation

Powers ST, van Schaik CP & Lehmann L (2021) Cooperation in large‐scale human societies—What, if anything, makes it unique, and how did it evolve?. Evolutionary Anthropology, 30 (4), pp. 280-293. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.21909

Abstract
To resolve the major controversy about why prosocial behaviors persist in large-scale human societies, we propose that two questions need to be answered. First, how do social interactions in small-scale and large-scale societies differ? By reviewing the exchange and collective-action dilemmas in both small-scale and large-scale societies, we show they are not different. Second, are individual decision-making mechanisms driven by self-interest? We extract from the literature three types of individual decision-making mechanism, which differ in their social influence and sensitivity to self-interest, to conclude that humans interacting with non-relatives are largely driven by self-interest. We then ask: what was the key mechanism that allowed prosocial behaviors to continue as societies grew? We show the key role played by new social interaction mechanisms—change in the rules of exchange and collective-action dilemmas—devised by the interacting individuals, which allow for self-interested individuals to remain prosocial as societies grow.

Keywords
cooperation; cultural group selection; evolutionary psychology; human social evolution; institutions; large-scale societies

Journal
Evolutionary Anthropology: Volume 30, Issue 4

• Evolutionary Anthropology - 2021 - Powers - Cooperation In Large ? Scale Human Societies What If Anything Makes It Unique