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Citation

Tigova O, Stival C, Castellano Y, Lugo A, Fu M, Mar López A, Martínez C, Soriano JB, O'Donnell R, Semple S, López MJ, Fernández E, Gallus S & TackSHS Investigators (2024) Prevalence and determinants of smoke-free homes in 12 European countries: the TackSHS Survey. ERJ Open Research, pp. 00950-2024. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00950-2024

Abstract
Background Homes are one of the primary locations where people are exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) in Europe. We describe the prevalence and identify the main determinants of having home-smoking restrictions in 12 European countries. Methods Cross-sectional survey in 12 European countries conducted in 2017–2018 (TackSHS Project). Approximately 1000 participants representing the general population aged ≥15?years of each country were interviewed face-to-face. Individual and country-level characteristics were explored through adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) obtained from multilevel Poisson models with random effects. Results Among 11?734 participants, 70.2% (95%CI: 69.4–71.0%) had smoke-free homes and 17.5% (95%CI: 16.8–18.2%) had partial home-smoking restrictions in place. Prevalence of smoke-free homes ranged from 44.4% in Greece to 84.5% in England. Having a smoke-free home was significantly inversely associated with current (PR=0.60) or former (PR=0.95) smoking and living in a household with one (PR=0.70) and two or more (PR=0.58) people who smoke. It was also significantly associated with being ≥65?years old (PR=1.05), being female (PR=1.07), having a high educational level (PR=1.09), and living with children (PR=1.09). Having a smoke-free home was associated with living in Northern Europe, while partial home-smoking restrictions were more likely among respondents from Eastern Europe and countries with lower per capita gross domestic product. Conclusions The prevalence of smoke-free homes in Europe is relatively high, but with large variability across countries. European countries with a lower prevalence of smoke-free homes should implement tailored interventions targeting identified determinants and incorporate the success of other countries.

Keywords
smoke-free homes; home-smoking restriction; smoke-free rules; smoking; involuntary smoking; secondhand smoke; tobacco smoke pollution; passive smoking; tobacco; Europe; TackSHS Project

Journal
ERJ Open Research

• Published Version