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Citation

Christie DFM & Phillips WA (1979) Simple drawing and pattern completion techniques for studying visualization and long-term visual knowledge. Memory and Cognition, 7 (5), pp. 360-367. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196940

Abstract
Simple and efficient drawing and completion tasks for studying visual memory are developed. In Experiment I subjects reproduced a series of matrix patterns by filling empty matrices. The serial position function was fiat, except that accuracy was much higher for final patterns. In Experiment 2 this recency effect was removed by an interpolated pattern classification task. Experiments 3 and 4 examined the effect of counting backward during intervals of from 3 to 15 sec on the recall of single patterns. Drawings were much less accurate after filled intervals but the duration of the interval had no effect. Experiment 5 tested retention of series of patterns using a completion task. On immediate test the serial position function was the same as in Experiments 1 and 2. On a final test accuracy was unchanged except for final items, which then showed a small negative recency effect. It is argued that performance is so similar in the drawing, completion, and previously reported recognition tasks because in all it is based upon the use of general-purpose knowledge accessible to voluntary processing. Visualization in these tasks is analogous to but different from verbal STM. One main difference is that there is no sign of temporary storage of visualized information after attention has turned to other things.

Journal
Memory and Cognition: Volume 7, Issue 5