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Citation

Caldwell CA & Millen AE (2009) Social learning mechanisms and cumulative cultural evolution: is imitation necessary?. Psychological Science, 20 (12), pp. 1478-1483. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02469.x

Abstract
Cumulative cultural evolution has been suggested to account for key cognitive and behavioral attributes which distinguish modern humans from our anatomically similar ancestors, but researchers have yet to establish which cognitive mechanisms are responsible for this kind of learning, and whether these are unique to humans. We have shown that human participants’ cumulative learning is not always reliant on sources of social information commonly assumed to be essential. Seven hundred participants were organized into seventy microsocieties, and completed a task involving building a paper airplane. We manipulated the availability of opportunities for: imitation (reproducing actions); emulation (reproducing end results); and teaching. Each was independently sufficient for participants to show cumulative learning. Since emulative learning can elicit cumulative culture on this task, we conclude that accounts of the unusual complexity of human culture in terms of species-unique learning mechanisms do not currently provide complete explanations, and other factors may be involved.

Keywords
imitation; social learning; culture; cumulative culture; cultural evolution; Culture Origin; Primates Behavior; Social behavior in animals

Journal
Psychological Science: Volume 20, Issue 12