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Citation

Mantzouki E, Lurling M, Fastner J, Domis LdS, Wilk-Wozniak E, Koreiviene J, Seelen L, Teurlincx S, Verstijnen Y, Krzton W, Walusiak E, Karosiene J, Kasperoviciene J, Savadova K & Richardson J (2018) Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins. Toxins, 10 (4), Art. No.: 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10040156

Abstract
Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.

Keywords
microcystin; anatoxin; cylindrospermopsin; temperature; direct effects; indirect effects; spatial distribution; European Multi Lake Survey

Notes
Additional co-authors: Irma Vitonyt?, Carmen Cillero-Castro, Agnieszka Budzyńska, Ryszard Goldyn, Anna Kozak, Joanna Rosińska, El?bieta Szel?g-Wasielewska, Piotr Domek, Natalia Jakubowska-Krepska, Kinga Kwasizur, Beata Messyasz, Aleksandra Pe?echata, Mariusz Pe?echaty, Mikolaj Kokocinski, Ana García-Murcia, Monserrat Real, Elvira Romans, Jordi Noguero-Ribes, David Parre?o Duque, Elísabeth Fernández-Morán, Nusret Karakaya, Kerstin H?ggqvist, Nilsun Demir, Meryem Beklio?lu, Nur Filiz, Eti E. Levi, U?ur Iskin, Gizem Bezirci, ?lkü Nihan Tav?ano?lu, Koray ?zhan, Spyros Gkelis, Manthos Panou, ?zden Fakioglu, Christos Avagianos, Triantafyllos Kaloudis, Kemal ?elik, Mete Yilmaz, Rafael Marcé, Nuria Catalán, Andrea G. Bravo, Moritz Buck, William Colom-Montero, Kristiina Mustonen, Don Pierson, Yang Yang, Pedro M. Raposeiro, Vítor Gon?alves, Maria G. Antoniou, Nikoletta Tsiarta, Valerie McCarthy, Victor C. Perello, T?nu Feldmann, Alo Laas, Kristel Panksep, Lea Tuvikene, Ilona Gagala, Joana Mankiewicz-Boczek, Meral Apayd?n Ya?c?, ?akir ??nar, Kadir ?apk?n, Abdulkadir Ya?c?, Mehmet Cesur, Fuat Bilgin, Cafer Bulut, Rahmi Uysal, Ulrike Obertegger, Adriano Boscaini, Giovanna Flaim, Nico Salmaso, Leonardo Cerasino, Petra M. Visser, Jolanda M. H. Verspagen, Tünay Karan, Elif Neyran Soylu, Faruk Mara?l?o?lu, Agnieszka Napiórkowska-Krzebietke, Agnieszka Ochocka, Agnieszka Pasztaleniec, Ana M. Ant?o-Geraldes, Vitor Vasconcelos, Jo?o Morais, Micaela Vale, Latife K?ker, Reyhan Ak?aalan, Meri? Albay, Dubravka ?poljari? Maroni?, Filip Stevi?, Tanja ?una Pfeiffer, Jeremy Fonvielle, Dietmar Straile, Karl-Otto Rothhaupt, Lars-Anders Hansson, Pablo Urrutia-Cordero, Luděk Bláha, Rodan Geri?, Markéta Fránková, Mehmet Ali Turan Ko?er, Mehmet Tahir Alp, Spela Remec-Rekar, Tina Elersek, Theodoros Triantis, Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou, Anastasia Hiskia, Sigrid Haande, Birger Skjelbred, Beata Madrecka, Hana Nemova, Iveta Drastichova, Lucia Chomova, Christine Edwards, Tu?ba Ongun Sevindik, Hatice Tunca, Bur?in ?nem, Boris Aleksovski, Svetislav Krsti?, Itana Bokan Vuceli?, Lidia Nawrocka, Pauliina Salmi, Danielle Machado-Vieira, Alinne Gurj?o de Oliveira, Jordi Delgado-Martín, David García, Jose Luís Cereijo, Joan Gomà, Mari Carmen Trapote, Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia, Biel Obrador, Magdalena Grabowska, Maciej Karpowicz, Damian Chmura, Bárbara ?beda, José ?ngel Gálvez, Arda ?zen, Kirsten Seestern Christoffersen, Trine Perlt Warming, Justyna Kobos, Hanna Mazur-Marzec, Carmen Pérez-Martínez, Eloísa Ramos-Rodríguez, Lauri Arvola, Pablo Alcaraz-Párraga, Magdalena Toporowska, et al.

Journal
Toxins: Volume 10, Issue 4

• toxins-10-00156-v4.pdf