Research Report
Scoping and Feasibility Study to Develop and Apply a Methodology for Retrospective Adjustment of Alcohol Consumption Data
Stead M, Bauld L, Angus K, MacDonald L, Munafo M, Attwood A, Ataya A, Fuller E & Pickering K (2013) Scoping and Feasibility Study to Develop and Apply a Methodology for Retrospective Adjustment of Alcohol Consumption Data. Department of Health (DH). Public Health Research Consortium. http://phrc.lshtm.ac.uk/papers/FINAL_REPORT_PHRC_Scoping_and_feasibility_study_-_alcohol_consumption_data_(October_2013).pdf
Article
E-Cigarettes: Prevalence and Attitudes in Great Britain
Dockrell M, Morrison R, Bauld L & McNeill A (2013) E-Cigarettes: Prevalence and Attitudes in Great Britain. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 15 (10), pp. 1737-1744. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt057
Article
Is Consumer Response to Plain/Standardised Tobacco Packaging Consistent with Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Guidelines? A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies
Stead M, Moodie C, Angus K, Bauld L, McNeill A, Thomas J, Hastings G, Hinds K, O'Mara-Eves A, Kwan I, Purves R & Bryce S (2013) Is Consumer Response to Plain/Standardised Tobacco Packaging Consistent with Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Guidelines? A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. PLoS ONE, 8 (10), Art. No.: e75919. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075919
Article
Cigarette pack design and adolescent smoking susceptibility: A cross-sectional survey
Ford A, MacKintosh AM, Moodie C, Richardson S & Hastings G (2013) Cigarette pack design and adolescent smoking susceptibility: A cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open, 3 (9), Art. No.: e003282. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003282
Commentary
Commentary on Kotnowski and Hammond (2013): The importance of cigarette packaging innovation
Moodie C (2013) Commentary on Kotnowski and Hammond (2013): The importance of cigarette packaging innovation. Commentary on: Kotnowski K., Hammond D. The impact of cigarette pack shape, size and opening: evidence from tobacco company documents. Addiction 2013; 108: 1658–68.. Addiction, 108 (9), pp. 1669-1670. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12236
Article
Does Smoking Reduction in Midlife Reduce Mortality Risk? Results of 2 Long-Term Prospective Cohort Studies of Men and Women in Scotland
Hart C, Gruer L & Bauld L (2013) Does Smoking Reduction in Midlife Reduce Mortality Risk? Results of 2 Long-Term Prospective Cohort Studies of Men and Women in Scotland. American Journal of Epidemiology, 178 (5), pp. 770-779. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt038
Research Report
Plain tobacco packaging research: An update
Moodie C, Angus K, Stead M & Bauld L (2013) Plain tobacco packaging research: An update. UK Centre for Tobacco Control. 我要吃瓜. http://www.stir.ac.uk/media/schools/management/documents/Plain%20Packaging%20Studies%20Update.pdf
Conference Paper (unpublished)
Alcohol interventions for people at risk of homelessness: Evaluating the Cyrenians "Getting the Measure" Project
Fitzgerald N, McCluskey S & Dowds J (2013) Alcohol interventions for people at risk of homelessness: Evaluating the Cyrenians "Getting the Measure" Project. 10th Annual Conference of INEBRIA, Rome, Italy, 19.09.2013-20.09.2013. http://www.inebria.net/Du14/pdf/2012_20_3.pdf
Conference Abstract
Community pharmacist involvement in minimising alcohol related risks: views of the general public in Scotland
Stewart D, Youngson E, Fitzgerald N, Watson M & Cunningham S (2013) Community pharmacist involvement in minimising alcohol related risks: views of the general public in Scotland. 2013 Royal Pharmaceutical Society conference, Birmingham, 08/09/2013 - 09/09/2013. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 21 (Supplement S2), pp. 5-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12063
Conference Abstract
Alcohol brief interventions in youth and social work settings in Scotland
Parkes T, Stead M, Eadie D, Nicoll A, McKell J, Bauld L, Wilson S, Burgess C, Reid G, McAteer J & Jepson R (2013) Alcohol brief interventions in youth and social work settings in Scotland. International Network on Brief Interventions for Alcohol and Other Drugs (INEBRIA) Meeting 2013, Rome, Italy, 18/09/2013 - 20/09/2013. Addiction Science and Clinical Practice, 8 (Supplement 1), p. A52. http://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1940-0640-8-S1-A52; https://doi.org/10.1186/1940-0640-8-S1-A52
Article
REFRESH—reducing families' exposure to secondhand smoke in the home: a feasibility study
Wilson I, Semple S, Mills LM, Ritchie D, Shaw A, O'Donnell R, Bonella P, Turner S & Amos A (2013) REFRESH—reducing families' exposure to secondhand smoke in the home: a feasibility study. Tobacco Control, 22 (5), Art. No.: e8. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050212
Conference Abstract
Training multidisciplinary practitioners to deliver SBI on alcohol and other health behaviours
Fitzgerald N & Heywood S (2013) Training multidisciplinary practitioners to deliver SBI on alcohol and other health behaviours. International Network on Brief Interventions for Alcohol and Other Drugs (INEBRIA) Meeting 2013, Rome, Italy, 18/09/2013 - 20/09/2013. Addiction Science and Clinical Practice, 8 (Supplement 1), p. A26, Art. No.: A26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1940-0640-8-S1-A26
Article
Home and away: constructing family and childhood in the context of working parenthood
Harden J, Backett-Milburn K, MacLean A, Cunningham-Burley S & Jamieson L (2013) Home and away: constructing family and childhood in the context of working parenthood. Children's Geographies, 11 (3), pp. 298-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2013.812274
Article
UK government's delay on plain tobacco packaging: how much evidence is enough?
Moodie C, Bauld L & Stead M (2013) UK government's delay on plain tobacco packaging: how much evidence is enough?. BMJ, 347, Art. No.: f4786. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f4786
Technical Report
Systematic literature review to examine the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions that use theories and models of behaviour change: towards the prevention and control of communicable diseases
Angus K, Cairns G, Purves R, Bryce S, MacDonald L & Gordon R (2013) Systematic literature review to examine the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions that use theories and models of behaviour change: towards the prevention and control of communicable diseases. Institute for Social Marketing. Insights into health communication. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/health-communication-behaviour-change-literature-review.pdf
Technical Report
Tobacco Harm Reduction and Nicotine Containing Products: Research Priorities and Policy Directions
De Andrade M & Hastings G (2013) Tobacco Harm Reduction and Nicotine Containing Products: Research Priorities and Policy Directions. Institute for Social Marketing. Cancer Research UK. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/prod_consump/groups/cr_common/@nre/@pol/documents/generalcontent/tobacco-harm-reduction.pdf
Website Content
Tobacco harm reduction and e-cigarettes: setting a unified research agenda
De Andrade M & Hastings G (2013) Tobacco harm reduction and e-cigarettes: setting a unified research agenda. Tobacco Control Blog, 29.05.2013. http://blogs.bmj.com/tc/2013/05/29/tobacco-harm-reduction-and-e-cigarettes-setting-a-unified-research-agenda
Article
Give It Up for Baby: Outcomes and factors influencing uptake of a pilot smoking cessation incentive scheme for pregnant women
Radley A, Ballard P, Eadie D, MacAskill S, Donnelly LA & Tappin D (2013) Give It Up for Baby: Outcomes and factors influencing uptake of a pilot smoking cessation incentive scheme for pregnant women. BMC Public Health, 13(1): Article 343. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-343
Preprint / Working Paper
The marketing of e-cigarettes: a quick snapshot
De Andrade M & Hastings G (2013) The marketing of e-cigarettes: a quick snapshot.
Website Content
How can we get more working-class women into science?
Browne T & Burns C (2013) How can we get more working-class women into science?. The Guardian [Blog Post] 23.04.2013. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/apr/23/working-class-women-science
Website Content
The marketing of e-cigarettes: a UK snapshot
De Andrade M & Hastings G (2013) The marketing of e-cigarettes: a UK snapshot. Tobacco Control Blog, 06.04.2013. http://blogs.bmj.com/tc/2013/04/06/the-marketing-of-e-cigarettes-a-uk-snapshot
Article
Alcohol marketing: Grooming the next generation
Hastings G & Sheron N (2013) Alcohol marketing: Grooming the next generation. BMJ, 346 (f1227). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f1227
Article
Young adult women smokers' response to using plain cigarette packaging: A naturalistic approach
Moodie C & MacKintosh AM (2013) Young adult women smokers' response to using plain cigarette packaging: A naturalistic approach. BMJ Open, 3 (3), Art. No.: e002402. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002402
Article
Healthy Heroes, Magic Meals and a Visiting Alien: Community-led Assets-based Social Marketing
Stead M, Arnott L & Dempsey E (2013) Healthy Heroes, Magic Meals and a Visiting Alien: Community-led Assets-based Social Marketing. Social Marketing Quarterly, 19 (1), pp. 26-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524500412472493
Article
Evolutions in food marketing, quantifying the impact, and policy implications
Cairns G (2013) Evolutions in food marketing, quantifying the impact, and policy implications. Appetite, 62, pp. 194-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.07.016
Article
Creating smoke-free homes for children
Shaw A, Ritchie D, O'Donnell R, Amos A, Mills L, Semple S, Turner S & Wilson I (2013) Creating smoke-free homes for children. Nursing Times, 109 (10), pp. 28-30. https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/smoking-cessation/creating-smoke-free-homes-for-children/5055895.article
Website Content
Alltrials v the ABPI: a prescription for bad PR
Browne T (2013) Alltrials v the ABPI: a prescription for bad PR. The Guardian [Blog Post] 04.03.2013. https://www.theguardian.com/science/brain-flapping/2013/mar/04/alltrials-abpi-prescription-bad-pr
Article
Systematic reviews of the evidence on the nature, extent and effects of food marketing to children. A retrospective summary
Cairns G, Angus K, Hastings G & Caraher M (2013) Systematic reviews of the evidence on the nature, extent and effects of food marketing to children. A retrospective summary. Appetite, 62, pp. 209-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.04.017
Technical Report
Health First: An evidence-based alcohol strategy for the UK
Anderson W, Gilmore SI, Bauld L, Bellis M, Brown KA, Drummond C, Gillan E, Hastings G, Hughes E, Irving C, Parsons H, Altwarg H, Langford A, Ludbrook A, Purves R & Stead M (2013) Health First: An evidence-based alcohol strategy for the UK. British Liver Trust. 我要吃瓜. www.stir.ac.uk/management/about/social-marketing.
Research Report
Needs Assessment of Services for Children, Parents and Families affected by Parental Substance Misuse in Edinburgh City - Summary Report
Fitzgerald N, Johnston L & Heywood S (2013) Needs Assessment of Services for Children, Parents and Families affected by Parental Substance Misuse in Edinburgh City - Summary Report. Edinburgh Alcohol and Drug Partnership. City of Edinburgh. http://www.edinburghadp.co.uk/Resources/EADPPublications/Documents/CASPM%20Needs%20Assessment%20Summary.pdf
Article
Young People and School GCSE Attainment: Exploring the 'Middle'
Connelly R, Murray S & Gayle V (2013) Young People and School GCSE Attainment: Exploring the 'Middle'. Sociological Research Online, 18 (1). https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.2880
Article
How robust is the evidence of an emerging or increasing female excess in physical morbidity between childhood and adolescence? Results of a systematic literature review and meta-analyses
MacLean A, Sweeting H, Egan M, Der G, Adamson J & Hunt K (2013) How robust is the evidence of an emerging or increasing female excess in physical morbidity between childhood and adolescence? Results of a systematic literature review and meta-analyses. Social Science and Medicine, 78 (1), pp. 96-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.039
Article
What parents say about disclosing the end of their pregnancy due to fetal abnormality
France E, Hunt K, Ziebland SB & Wyke S (2013) What parents say about disclosing the end of their pregnancy due to fetal abnormality. Midwifery, 29 (1), pp. 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2011.10.006
Article
Alcohol consumption in movies and adolescent binge drinking in 6 European countries
Hanewinkel R, Sargent JD, Poelen EAP, Scholte R, Florek E, Sweeting H, Hunt K, Karlsdottir S, Jonsson SH, Mathis F, Faggiano F & Morgenstern M (2012) Alcohol consumption in movies and adolescent binge drinking in 6 European countries. Pediatrics, 129 (4), pp. 709-720. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2809
Article
Association of life course socioeconomic disadvantage with future problem drinking and heavy drinking: Gender differentials in the west of Scotland
Batty GD, Bhaskar A, Emslie C, Benzeval M, Der G, Lewars H & Hunt K (2012) Association of life course socioeconomic disadvantage with future problem drinking and heavy drinking: Gender differentials in the west of Scotland. International Journal of Public Health, 57 (1), pp. 119-126. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858797632&doi=10.1007%2fs00038-011-0270-8&partnerID=40&md5=1e86d88487f0c9158daa07267cb2fda7; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-011-0270-8
Article
Increased blood pressure reactions to acute mental stress are associated with 16-year cardiovascular disease mortality
Carroll D, Ginty AT, Der G, Hunt K, Benzeval M & Phillips AC (2012) Increased blood pressure reactions to acute mental stress are associated with 16-year cardiovascular disease mortality. Psychophysiology, 49 (10), pp. 1444-1448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01463.x
Article
Erratum: Association of life course socioeconomic disadvantage with future problem drinking and heavy drinking: Gender differentials in the west of Scotland
Batty GD, Bhaskar A, Emslie C, Benzeval M, Der G, Lewars H & Hunt K (2012) Erratum: Association of life course socioeconomic disadvantage with future problem drinking and heavy drinking: Gender differentials in the west of Scotland. International Journal of Public Health, 57 (1), p. 247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-011-0285-1
Book Chapter
Gender and help-seeking: Towards gender-comparative studies
Hunt K, Adamson J & Galdas P (2012) Gender and help-seeking: Towards gender-comparative studies. In: Kuhlmann E & Annandale E (eds.) Palgrave Handbook of Gender and Healthcare, Second Edition. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 241-255. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137295408
Article
Older and wiser? Men's and women's accounts of drinking in early mid-life
Emslie C, Hunt K & Lyons A (2012) Older and wiser? Men's and women's accounts of drinking in early mid-life. Sociology of Health and Illness, 34 (4), pp. 481-496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01424.x
Article
The longitudinal course of insomnia symptoms: Inequalities by sex and occupational class among two different age cohorts followed for 20 years in the West of Scotland
Green MJ, Espie CA, Hunt K & Benzeval M (2012) The longitudinal course of insomnia symptoms: Inequalities by sex and occupational class among two different age cohorts followed for 20 years in the West of Scotland. Sleep, 35 (6), pp. 815-823. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1882
Article
Comparing the effectiveness of using generic and specific search terms in electronic databases to identify health outcomes for a systematic review: A prospective comparative study of literature search methods
Egan M, MacLean A, Sweeting H & Hunt K (2012) Comparing the effectiveness of using generic and specific search terms in electronic databases to identify health outcomes for a systematic review: A prospective comparative study of literature search methods. BMJ Open, 2 (3). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001043
Article
Consumerism and well-being in early adolescence
Sweeting H, Hunt K & Bhaskar A (2012) Consumerism and well-being in early adolescence. Journal of Youth Studies, 15 (6), pp. 802-820. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.685706
Article
Positive associations between consumerism and tobacco and alcohol use in early adolescence: Cross-sectional study
Sweeting H, Hunt K & Bhaskar A (2012) Positive associations between consumerism and tobacco and alcohol use in early adolescence: Cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 2 (5). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001446
Website Content
CReATeS - Consortium for Research into Arts and Technology in Scotland
Squires C, Eikhof DR, Fenwick T, Ray Murray P, Grindle M, Millar F, Mackenzie N, Michael MK, Berridge S, Beech N, Greig G & Carter S (2012) CReATeS - Consortium for Research into Arts and Technology in Scotland. 2012. http://www.creates.stir.ac.uk/
Conference Paper (unpublished)
Planning the Endgame for Tobacco
Hastings G & De Andrade M (2012) Planning the Endgame for Tobacco. UKCTCS Annual Conference, York, 07.11.2012-09.11.2012.
Authored Book
The marketing matrix: how the corporation gets its power - and how we can reclaim it
Hastings G (2012) The marketing matrix: how the corporation gets its power - and how we can reclaim it. First ed. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415678629/
Article
Some reasonable but uncomfortable questions about social marketing
French J, Spotswood F, Tapp A & Stead M (2012) Some reasonable but uncomfortable questions about social marketing. Journal of Social Marketing, 2 (3), pp. 163-175. https://doi.org/10.1108/20426761211265168
Book Chapter
Social Marketing and International Development
Cairns G, MacKay B & MacDonald L (2012) Social Marketing and International Development. In: Hastings G, Angus K & Bryant C (eds.) The SAGE Handbook of Social Marketing. London: SAGE, pp. 330-342. http://www.sagepub.com/books/Book234153
Article
Using qualitative methodologies to understand behaviour change
Logie-MacIver L, Piacentini M & Eadie D (2012) Using qualitative methodologies to understand behaviour change. Qualitative Market Research, 15 (1), pp. 70-86. https://doi.org/10.1108/13522751211192008
Edited Book
The Sage Handbook of Social Marketing
Hastings G, Angus K & Bryant C (eds.) (2012) The Sage Handbook of Social Marketing. London: SAGE. http://www.sagepub.com/books/Book234153
Article
The role of packaging for consumer products: Understanding the move towards 'plain' tobacco packaging
Ford A, Moodie C & Hastings G (2012) The role of packaging for consumer products: Understanding the move towards 'plain' tobacco packaging. Addiction Research and Theory, 20 (4), pp. 339-347. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2011.632700
Article
Implementation of routine biochemical validation and an 'opt out' referral pathway for smoking cessation in pregnancy
Bauld L, Hackshaw L, Ferguson J, Coleman T, Taylor G & Salway R (2012) Implementation of routine biochemical validation and an 'opt out' referral pathway for smoking cessation in pregnancy. Addiction, 107 (Supplement 2), pp. 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04086.x
Article
Barriers and facilitators to a criminal justice tobacco control coordinator: an innovative approach to supporting smoking cessation among offenders
Eadie D, MacAskill S, McKell J & Baybutt M (2012) Barriers and facilitators to a criminal justice tobacco control coordinator: an innovative approach to supporting smoking cessation among offenders. Addiction, 107 (Supplement S2), pp. 26-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04083.x
Article
Exercise interventions for smoking cessation
Ussher M, Taylor AH & Faulkner G (2012) Exercise interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012 (1), Art. No.: CD002295. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002295.pub4
Research Report
Supporting Communication Skills and Behaviours in Healthcare Staff: Evaluation of Two Pilots: The CARE Approach and Practice Based Small Group Learning - Summary Report
Heywood S, Fitzgerald N & Winterbottom J (2012) Supporting Communication Skills and Behaviours in Healthcare Staff: Evaluation of Two Pilots: The CARE Approach and Practice Based Small Group Learning - Summary Report. NHS Education for Scotland. Create Consultancy. http://www.nes.scot.nhs.uk/media/1574594/evaluation-of-care-pbsgl-short-summary.pdf
Conference Paper (unpublished)
Assessment of need for children and families affected by parental substance misuse
Fitzgerald N (2012) Assessment of need for children and families affected by parental substance misuse. With Scotland Conference, Stirling, UK, 2012.
Manual / Guide
Effective Patient Consultation for Pharmacists: Trainer and Participant Manuals
Fitzgerald N (2012) Effective Patient Consultation for Pharmacists: Trainer and Participant Manuals. Glasgow: Create Consultancy Ltd.
Research Report
Plain Tobacco Packaging: A Systematic Review
Moodie C, Stead M, Bauld L, McNeill A, Angus K, Hinds K, Kwan I, Thomas J, Hastings G & O'Mara-Eves A (2012) Plain Tobacco Packaging: A Systematic Review. UK Centre for Tobacco Control. London: Public Health Research Consortium. http://phrc.lshtm.ac.uk/papers/PHRC_006_Final_Report.pdf
Article
Effect of thought suppression on desire to smoke and tobacco withdrawal symptoms
Erskine JAK, Ussher M, Cropley M, Elgindi A, Zaman M & Corlett B (2012) Effect of thought suppression on desire to smoke and tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Psychopharmacology, 219 (1), pp. 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2391-4
Article
Exercise interventions for smoking cessation
Ussher M, Taylor A & Faulkner G (2012) Exercise interventions for smoking cessation. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 5 (1), pp. 42-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-5391.2011.01170.x
Article
Exercise for smoking cessation
Ussher M, Taylor AH & Faulkner G (2012) Exercise for smoking cessation. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 5 (1), pp. 99-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2011.12.001
Article
Physical activity as an aid to smoking cessation during pregnancy (LEAP) trial: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Ussher M, Aveyard P, Manyonda I, Lewis S, West R, Lewis B, Marcus B, Taylor AH, Barton P & Coleman T (2012) Physical activity as an aid to smoking cessation during pregnancy (LEAP) trial: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 13. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84866900959&doi=10.1186%2f1745-6215-13-186&partnerID=40&md5=cbdede06d264c7008e148f9ab51e0885; https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-186
Article
Tobacco withdrawal symptoms and urges to smoke in pregnant versus non-pregnant smokers
Ussher M, Etter J, Giatras N & Coleman T (2012) Tobacco withdrawal symptoms and urges to smoke in pregnant versus non-pregnant smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 37 (12), pp. 1353-1357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.07.008
Article
Factors influencing exposure to secondhand smoke in preschool children living with smoking mothers
Mills L, Semple S, Wilson I, MacCalman L, Amos A, Ritchie D, O ’ Donnell R, Shaw A & Turner S (2012) Factors influencing exposure to secondhand smoke in preschool children living with smoking mothers. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 14 (12), pp. 1435-1444. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts074
Article
The influence of the food environment on overweight and obesity in young children: A systematic review
Osei-Assibey G, Dick S, Macdiarmid J, Semple S, Reilly JJ, Ellaway A, Cowie H & McNeill G (2012) The influence of the food environment on overweight and obesity in young children: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 2 (6), Art. No.: 001538. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001538